tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-68946437317912313652024-03-13T11:53:00.780-07:00Stats, Maps n PixAlasdair Raehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12959449302596057979noreply@blogger.comBlogger151125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6894643731791231365.post-56817644716167308962023-11-17T09:02:00.000-08:002023-11-17T11:45:01.145-08:00Thanks for stopping by<p>It's time to bring the curtain down on Stats, Maps n Pix now, after 1.5 million page views and 150 posts. I'll leave the blog archived here, but if you're looking for me, <a href="https://automaticknowledge.co.uk/" target="_blank"><b>you can always find me via my business website</b></a>. </p><p>When I started this blog as a replacement for <a href="http://www.undertheraedar.com/" target="_blank">my original one</a> I was still working at a university doing academic stuff and it kind of fitted in with that. But now I'm not working in academia and instead I'm doing lots of interesting work with my company, <a href="https://automaticknowledge.co.uk/" target="_blank">Automatic Knowledge</a>, so it's time to wrap it up here on the blog.</p><p>Overall, it's now been 15 years of blogging from me so I think I'm ready to do something else online, maybe a bit more on <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@automaticknowledge/videos" target="_blank">my Map Academy YouTube channel</a>, who knows.</p><p>In the spirit of the age, here's an image to symbolise the end of the era, created using the Microsoft Bing Image Creator (powered by DALL·E 3) based on the following prompt: </p><p>"<i>create a photo of a party with lots of people in a dark room with drinks, lots of maps on the wall and in the background, overhead, is a banner that reads "thank you for stopping by</i>".</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj95759csOajsBFXX-9YGiO31tPHcfV2XDKvYRZgjacPzLrO_9vjHOHgbPqZ-BrhvxLikV55s94_GxZla8OTIXpPmN8sEbofuBdD48m0_GkXEwG9rD0u1RAsRPe68wDwTfMpeKx3-nZr8-dzrVUQK7UxbOnIYQRBnZrrCg9hnL5J5SwE7qq0PP1IoeoC_Tl/s1024/blog-final-post-statsmapsnpix.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1024" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj95759csOajsBFXX-9YGiO31tPHcfV2XDKvYRZgjacPzLrO_9vjHOHgbPqZ-BrhvxLikV55s94_GxZla8OTIXpPmN8sEbofuBdD48m0_GkXEwG9rD0u1RAsRPe68wDwTfMpeKx3-nZr8-dzrVUQK7UxbOnIYQRBnZrrCg9hnL5J5SwE7qq0PP1IoeoC_Tl/w400-h400/blog-final-post-statsmapsnpix.jpeg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">We had a lovely imaginary party</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>We all know that this generative AI stuff is addictive, so I then decided to do another prompt, as follows:</p><p><i>"create a photo of someone looking really sad about a blog that is no longer online, with lots of cats and rabbits in the frame, plus candles and moody lighting and tilt shift"</i></p><p>And these were the results.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIPA6LPyChPOQSuFTe_nb0TCkaBpbjS8cOuq7gjUO58Py_lICUe4knnsEJGN4pMWTA0MQuKJGcTWrEA9OQbt9ke8_vfAhAnJTiTqbrNBd8-GtqL-JWLokvjw7sW2GZqO97lwP7ETl1WOQlXdMvuNFl7Wyz8Rs70BL3pVlf11glIYcOzmOM_he7YmtOX2wZ/s1024/smp1.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1024" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIPA6LPyChPOQSuFTe_nb0TCkaBpbjS8cOuq7gjUO58Py_lICUe4knnsEJGN4pMWTA0MQuKJGcTWrEA9OQbt9ke8_vfAhAnJTiTqbrNBd8-GtqL-JWLokvjw7sW2GZqO97lwP7ETl1WOQlXdMvuNFl7Wyz8Rs70BL3pVlf11glIYcOzmOM_he7YmtOX2wZ/w400-h400/smp1.jpeg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">What does</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB4uH2iiV_4zXMis_bJET1amnaJQ4wymmCHYuSMgILpKqSK4PGuwC59AaAnbO7JsUJVLG0RTl6iMttnOdjxWDRwGdj8qyeODnQxgLCKLEreMm74EmJ26LZoFyHN6e3blZgLtBK4BJKqk-xxYjPe6w3by4vQ_iHkoQ89CFz-J0vzzYkG2Pc8tAf2ZKksrK9/s1024/smp2.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1024" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB4uH2iiV_4zXMis_bJET1amnaJQ4wymmCHYuSMgILpKqSK4PGuwC59AaAnbO7JsUJVLG0RTl6iMttnOdjxWDRwGdj8qyeODnQxgLCKLEreMm74EmJ26LZoFyHN6e3blZgLtBK4BJKqk-xxYjPe6w3by4vQ_iHkoQ89CFz-J0vzzYkG2Pc8tAf2ZKksrK9/w400-h400/smp2.jpeg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Any of this</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0Nyl6P97vKolAW0nqI8Q1DR3MR6wM-wgAXcM9sN0bE7Gr0HpIgAcAFc3kIaQYYEe6OTVpYA_g5Y0s5pOAS2k1GOshJN6IgVpwPpeYqSmeevIzDuQSwa-4O1WtrDdKfwkxKFe_2ePh751OpaLXrpCmk6PT-y-cCzkICJowKNVj2Jlk9qTNnNfAKUT_-KXB/s1024/smp3.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1024" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0Nyl6P97vKolAW0nqI8Q1DR3MR6wM-wgAXcM9sN0bE7Gr0HpIgAcAFc3kIaQYYEe6OTVpYA_g5Y0s5pOAS2k1GOshJN6IgVpwPpeYqSmeevIzDuQSwa-4O1WtrDdKfwkxKFe_2ePh751OpaLXrpCmk6PT-y-cCzkICJowKNVj2Jlk9qTNnNfAKUT_-KXB/w400-h400/smp3.jpeg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Have to do with</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOZ2sbjEftZl7npWYfCA5Ksb4fPjMOk4aKzsvXR_ap-1YZNG0DtUuF6q8gIJ0-_KLoNB9Ja0GIv7COf-Jb8FGFeprxeyo0WWQv_iekv6XjCUnzBolaeUWqplyzS6KzawGLzIYZgnwTIuFFoDc-bsdDqhewTeb-kf4VHKYRT2UP04D7M94n6lzBMWU98nAF/s1024/smp4.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1024" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOZ2sbjEftZl7npWYfCA5Ksb4fPjMOk4aKzsvXR_ap-1YZNG0DtUuF6q8gIJ0-_KLoNB9Ja0GIv7COf-Jb8FGFeprxeyo0WWQv_iekv6XjCUnzBolaeUWqplyzS6KzawGLzIYZgnwTIuFFoDc-bsdDqhewTeb-kf4VHKYRT2UP04D7M94n6lzBMWU98nAF/w400-h400/smp4.jpeg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Stats, maps or pix?</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>The reason I'm adding these images here, beyond the fact that it is good fun to play with and also the obvious self-indulgence, is that I've been asked a few times recently about the potential and power of AI in the mapping and data space. I think there is lots of potential (e.g. with the kind of amazing stuff <a href="https://steveattewell.com/" target="_blank">Steve Attewell</a> is doing with <a href="https://chat.openai.com/g/g-Emy7pH8oc-overpass-api-query-generator-for-openstreetmap" target="_blank">overpass turbo queries</a> and OSM data). I also think our jobs are mostly pretty safe but that the geo world will grow in size at the same time because of it. </p><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Some blog numbers</h3><div>I have had a look at the blog stats as of 17 November 2023 and it seems that anything I wrote about population density got lots of clicks, which proves it's not just me that is interested in it. At the time of writing here are the top 10 most popular blog posts on Stats, Maps n Pix.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIchiL_rZr2U2yRHASE7sdJ-AYOzdn7a5LBwyXpu-8o-irHmabydxpZRp_HskS7AoOMkoOYPxTJuVcUAIDtHpPHaKpCx_CPzFNAvo4mmLDKSRvvnSiFz9Rmx-FPz2gyNUl81JwtjhyphenhyphenoZBgY6qZ4sI6sa5Y8VmPHm6FU3VCSIOxoQe7hwid9ABGYkuxueU_/s1014/smp-top-10.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="805" data-original-width="1014" height="318" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIchiL_rZr2U2yRHASE7sdJ-AYOzdn7a5LBwyXpu-8o-irHmabydxpZRp_HskS7AoOMkoOYPxTJuVcUAIDtHpPHaKpCx_CPzFNAvo4mmLDKSRvvnSiFz9Rmx-FPz2gyNUl81JwtjhyphenhyphenoZBgY6qZ4sI6sa5Y8VmPHm6FU3VCSIOxoQe7hwid9ABGYkuxueU_/w400-h318/smp-top-10.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Density is cool, yeah</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><div>I think that's just about all there is to say, so let's end with one more generative AI image.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEischWSVihK0RnqdXwqw-74Df6bNDdFcq1YYdkyVlrpuGXW1OLzA_rwK2gZC6VGl3091NXqejcs1ugbUxl2rZOISUTETXBFOvCkazvBsJiqXxLBRkWRuJdoVU172s284VbdnsCSzHcrvX9Zk7Gm_rav2MyylB5OW-NDBGrq9CUDFA0HK9QnvLaP9St8FHRn/s1024/OIG.EZCpKr9wNU0.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1024" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEischWSVihK0RnqdXwqw-74Df6bNDdFcq1YYdkyVlrpuGXW1OLzA_rwK2gZC6VGl3091NXqejcs1ugbUxl2rZOISUTETXBFOvCkazvBsJiqXxLBRkWRuJdoVU172s284VbdnsCSzHcrvX9Zk7Gm_rav2MyylB5OW-NDBGrq9CUDFA0HK9QnvLaP9St8FHRn/w400-h400/OIG.EZCpKr9wNU0.jpeg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Thank you for having me</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><i>"create a realistic photo of a man working in a dark room, at a computer, logging off for the last time, with a bright neon sign on the wall saying "THANK YOU FOR HAVING ME" - and the man has a dog in the room and it's in silhouette and there is a desk lamp on"</i></div><p><br /></p>Alasdair Raehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12959449302596057979noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6894643731791231365.post-91335046553177629772023-10-26T01:01:00.006-07:002023-10-30T04:33:15.259-07:00How many people live in the English green belt?<p>Over a decade ago I set out to understand exactly where <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2012/aug/20/green-belt-mapping" target="_blank">England's green belt</a> land was by getting my hands on the raw data. Eventually it became open data and there's <a href="https://www.data.gov.uk/dataset/ccb505e0-67a8-4ace-b294-19a3cbff4861/english-local-authority-green-belt-dataset" target="_blank">an update every year</a>, along with loads of stats. At the time of writing, the proportion of land in England designated as green belt* was 12.6% of the total. But nobody lives in the green belt, right? Or at least hardly anyone, right? Or at least not that many, right? If you search online you won't find an answer to this question so that's why I've been looking at it on and off for a few years and now <b>I have what I think is a good approximation of the total number of people who live in green belt land in England - 1.2 million or, to put it another way, more than in any single English local authority area (Birmingham has about 1.1 million people). That's 2.1% of the population of England.</b></p><p><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhapgJYWHJssAyFu1a6mxfgBGpNwbMLsz8FhIkR3OxOVvk_zAR98AUuLZRPUJUaaHo0ZU4W5tKi8bbB7SRn6ToBOxgHEcXuIrMX_imD9SR3Fqf8oAMuOZR1eo32DrOqmDwl-EJB5w1reW7_YZV0UhquqRlOOovODoDJfNfAifrK6lUdZgVj4FiOal_qa7w8/s1302/green-belt-pop-2021.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1302" data-original-width="1202" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhapgJYWHJssAyFu1a6mxfgBGpNwbMLsz8FhIkR3OxOVvk_zAR98AUuLZRPUJUaaHo0ZU4W5tKi8bbB7SRn6ToBOxgHEcXuIrMX_imD9SR3Fqf8oAMuOZR1eo32DrOqmDwl-EJB5w1reW7_YZV0UhquqRlOOovODoDJfNfAifrK6lUdZgVj4FiOal_qa7w8/w369-h400/green-belt-pop-2021.png" width="369" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">I believe this estimate is pretty accurate</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b>Are you sure?</b></h3><p>How can I be sure that this number is correct, after all we don't actually have population data that fits the boundaries of the green belt. For example, you can't just add up Census Output Area populations within the green belt because they do not nest neatly (at all) within the green belt and if you try this approach you will get a wildly wrong figure. That's why I used the <a href="https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/products/os-open-uprn" target="_blank">OS Open UPRN dataset</a> from Ordnance Survey because this allows you to identify individual properties. There's also <a href="https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/products/addressbase-plus" target="_blank">AddressBase Plus</a> but a) that costs a lot of money and b) we'll get to that later. So, because I used address-level data I am confident that my figure of 1.2 million people living in the green belt is pretty accurate but you will see some independent verification below too. <i><b>Update: </b>read on for more but my 1.2 million people in the green belt figure compares very favourably to the 1.15 million figure calculated using the 'ONS average occupancy count for "in use" properties (by OA)' stats in <a href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1Je_nBudV_nP71HAASOpOLW3AnDcfaDBOUxitRxpsOS8/edit#gid=1116689308" target="_blank">the spreadsheet from Drew</a>.</i></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhao9UNsCoTalPHKaDuDNpK8TWpgKkG0b_M4Zuw6Z7O-mh9RC-LVfpigdDncNat9ZDja_kKfjzo6wKkjjIHr9D3FV4314V9bqSio9vZ2EZpvrkAT5mlumefSJFQ9s-_WaN769s3lWZD87uB_wLN17gK0cu1vgQzwekFZyssbG0vua5ctIsF9hE9SXamKstQ/s1302/gb1.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1302" data-original-width="1202" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhao9UNsCoTalPHKaDuDNpK8TWpgKkG0b_M4Zuw6Z7O-mh9RC-LVfpigdDncNat9ZDja_kKfjzo6wKkjjIHr9D3FV4314V9bqSio9vZ2EZpvrkAT5mlumefSJFQ9s-_WaN769s3lWZD87uB_wLN17gK0cu1vgQzwekFZyssbG0vua5ctIsF9hE9SXamKstQ/w369-h400/gb1.png" width="369" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The dots are UPRNs in buildings, green = green belt</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpZZSlF2x0bxsfEgW1Mis-LlLj6zjXR_VcboOkBTStDls5uoO6y5ZpKCHHZ1qd4hSmPdKw-1itfWgDbigKj7uxRsRqg3NYOsdmkUeUdZK5WWJ1IKQJY879J0ayjY0sPD0Chz00uSOZVJb1tuKzQ0JeNRIzEHRyMdIgaL-uxEhnvyVGpvBCf0LHguAnKIA6/s1302/gb2.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1302" data-original-width="1202" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpZZSlF2x0bxsfEgW1Mis-LlLj6zjXR_VcboOkBTStDls5uoO6y5ZpKCHHZ1qd4hSmPdKw-1itfWgDbigKj7uxRsRqg3NYOsdmkUeUdZK5WWJ1IKQJY879J0ayjY0sPD0Chz00uSOZVJb1tuKzQ0JeNRIzEHRyMdIgaL-uxEhnvyVGpvBCf0LHguAnKIA6/w369-h400/gb2.png" width="369" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">York's green belt is very much like a big green donut</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p><b>My methodology, for anyone who is interested</b></p><p>How did I go about this? Well it went a bit like this...</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Get the <a href="https://www.data.gov.uk/dataset/ccb505e0-67a8-4ace-b294-19a3cbff4861/english-local-authority-green-belt-dataset" target="_blank">latest green belt boundary file</a> from DLUHC</li><li>Get <a href="https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/products/os-open-uprn" target="_blank">Open UPRN</a> data from Ordnance Survey</li><li>Get building footprint data from <a href="https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/products/os-open-zoomstack" target="_blank">OS Zoomstack</a></li><li>Add all data to <a href="https://qgis.org/en/site/" target="_blank">QGIS</a></li><li>Extract only those UPRNs (UPRNs are the authoritative identifier used to uniquely identify addressable locations in Great Britain) that fall within a building footprint, so that you're not including non-buildings etc</li><li>Identify how many of these UPRNs within buildings fall within the green belt (I got about 34 million UPRNs in buildings out of 40 million total, and 593,273 were in buildings in the green belt in England)</li><li>Then we do a comparison between the population of each English local authority area and each of the following: number of building objects from the OS Zoomstack dataset, total area covered by buildings, total count of UPRNs in buildings</li><li>Then we bust out Occam's Razor to do a few simple scatterplots - compare each of the above to the population - to cut a long story short, you multiply my UPRN number by about 2 to get a total population</li></ul><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgf3cUGhlsIZtXfSix2SkJoCfnBbDqlqgfOWWRS28tot0NzYYrRViuNApXgWlabRuTnLjISqNIp9BD8Kkg3PPSyiqYrVRDN9uDEoZyvvjfjDJwpclN6lM0jhHo0sCdGQmAE6YUi4gfiskJ-On7xRtljXXD4Dfi99_feHYlR9C6VraU1DraUg8f7sQ0JxnkS/s604/building-area-vs-pop.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="579" data-original-width="604" height="384" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgf3cUGhlsIZtXfSix2SkJoCfnBbDqlqgfOWWRS28tot0NzYYrRViuNApXgWlabRuTnLjISqNIp9BD8Kkg3PPSyiqYrVRDN9uDEoZyvvjfjDJwpclN6lM0jhHo0sCdGQmAE6YUi4gfiskJ-On7xRtljXXD4Dfi99_feHYlR9C6VraU1DraUg8f7sQ0JxnkS/w400-h384/building-area-vs-pop.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Building area vs population: a bit messy</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_plmTrmCb7VwjmxRYYlN-W9SkjdSIUwOMBDdkqAod6PgFTQ-rq-Nt2hnJQ41VbTx4yBHoIx58nqI4Yj_DY0iufu2RduP63XyPvRPckJEI7Lc7td94X14OpoF1FRuZRtN-iTcewo1SlKO8_RM5JAaI6ry2GHR_imLWJcKX9zWzzHEupU_rzBrcz8U-fHh5/s604/buildings-vs-pop.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="579" data-original-width="604" height="384" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_plmTrmCb7VwjmxRYYlN-W9SkjdSIUwOMBDdkqAod6PgFTQ-rq-Nt2hnJQ41VbTx4yBHoIx58nqI4Yj_DY0iufu2RduP63XyPvRPckJEI7Lc7td94X14OpoF1FRuZRtN-iTcewo1SlKO8_RM5JAaI6ry2GHR_imLWJcKX9zWzzHEupU_rzBrcz8U-fHh5/w400-h384/buildings-vs-pop.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Building object count vs population: too messy</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglAxNK6Ja5ltroEznz0cwYwBULMenKEgjMXqW804LS5M799wks3F6aQHCTcVsShvcT32YWy7-jfF78nBFyTpsARLowMsJud2pIGJ65J1vz4okOxbgNuDx1BJwi78_1rXm-HykEVYX3bnBc91cBK4jeOc9CGe8btEnAav3c4N9ekZCjHuf2tPCo__egGofn/s604/uprn-vs-buildings.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="579" data-original-width="604" height="384" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglAxNK6Ja5ltroEznz0cwYwBULMenKEgjMXqW804LS5M799wks3F6aQHCTcVsShvcT32YWy7-jfF78nBFyTpsARLowMsJud2pIGJ65J1vz4okOxbgNuDx1BJwi78_1rXm-HykEVYX3bnBc91cBK4jeOc9CGe8btEnAav3c4N9ekZCjHuf2tPCo__egGofn/w400-h384/uprn-vs-buildings.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">UPRNs in buildings vs population: quite neat</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><p></p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>So once I saw a fairly linear relationship between my 'UPRNs in buildings' count and the total population of each local authority district in England I decided to use this to estimate population</li><li>Not all local authority areas have green belt though, only 180 of just under 300 do</li><li>For those areas with green belt the relationship between 'UPRNs in buildings' and the population was even stronger so that's why I have a good degree of confidence that we can multiply by 2 here to get a decent population estimate</li></ul><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgeCJ1_pqiLHO5bmzmTICyZx3sC4SVlsaj-Ze0e20tbhOrGkKPExhBMmGyyIjNlmt5QdG6e4aVPmx-B68VITrLH5OC2G5SLrhFIxZDB5NwRpWcL4XbL9xhyfc6ba9BObMtYhteb4GMJKIyd2p5r-Cwqusql2Ky7A1PqXGOhCH8xekrXzYryyG3-udJrKAt/s604/uprn-green-belt-yes-pop.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="484" data-original-width="604" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgeCJ1_pqiLHO5bmzmTICyZx3sC4SVlsaj-Ze0e20tbhOrGkKPExhBMmGyyIjNlmt5QdG6e4aVPmx-B68VITrLH5OC2G5SLrhFIxZDB5NwRpWcL4XbL9xhyfc6ba9BObMtYhteb4GMJKIyd2p5r-Cwqusql2Ky7A1PqXGOhCH8xekrXzYryyG3-udJrKAt/w400-h320/uprn-green-belt-yes-pop.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">UPRNs in buildings in green belt vs total population</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>This all leads me to a population estimate for the English green belt of: 1,186,546 - but this is too precise so I'm just saying 1.2 million. </li></ul></div><p></p><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Verification?</h3><p>I did all these calculations myself and got a figure that seems pretty reasonable based on the methodology described above. It also feels about right - 2.1% of the population of England on <a href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6523d901aea2d0000d2199cd/Green_Belt_statistics_for_England_2022-23_-_Factsheet.pdf" target="_blank">12.6% of the land area</a>. The 2x multiplier for UPRNs in buildings to get population holds pretty much all across England as we can see from the charts above, and the relationship is even stronger when we look only at those areas that contain some green belt land.</p><p>If you check out <a href="https://x.com/undertheraedar/status/1632727230148145154?s=20" target="_blank">an earlier post of mine on Twitter</a> you'll see some other numbers which back me up, calculated using the very expensive and not-open AddressBase Plus dataset. I will add these below for reference. </p><p>Here are some screenshots of <a href="https://x.com/pablobones/status/1632849040051249155?s=20" target="_blank">calculations</a> that use AddressBase Plus, including some populations for the different bits of green belt in England. Thanks of course to <a href="https://twitter.com/pablobones" target="_blank">Drew</a> for these numbers derived from AddressBase Plus - here's more on <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1B63ZXEiZPWRtWS4gWXlNkGznrXCrLmNeSmBPTCp7HUo/edit?usp=sharing" target="_blank">his methodology</a>.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrYQsfVhPKCc9_nn7BnThcvNSxEGFO__WKCF2hiCN9Yn7SZVr625JMp1y7HRwAUBROQkPcblIbyrSAyUPxjpKR5btHiL2LvufGA4WKRYg-cTMO8uC10w08ycVE4eBsgcPQEgRIwBgWX3Gr6IJtLoS0ZCtK2Gnii_l-wjWQJCRcFZCvMYjQ_xaHU-IqGFkI/s600/drew1.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="156" data-original-width="600" height="104" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrYQsfVhPKCc9_nn7BnThcvNSxEGFO__WKCF2hiCN9Yn7SZVr625JMp1y7HRwAUBROQkPcblIbyrSAyUPxjpKR5btHiL2LvufGA4WKRYg-cTMO8uC10w08ycVE4eBsgcPQEgRIwBgWX3Gr6IJtLoS0ZCtK2Gnii_l-wjWQJCRcFZCvMYjQ_xaHU-IqGFkI/w400-h104/drew1.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">ABP is AddressBase Plus - similar figure to what I got</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy-QXaUDgTNL8_W9OoVgbijKRMrWjSBOjc5U3clqmeXhAdk2H2Rz639IqK36BC9OCSgvzx1fUU_ud9FHQGS_pLvECfqrbJI5ms4ciY-nXx6ciE5l5C6R2wyrf0AS7x7usDo_dL77EB7SaSBpglEr_QZW8R-jx9GQiMtZ-JUiYBkE4iy11DX4eMO-QAufYL/s478/drew2.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="385" data-original-width="478" height="323" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy-QXaUDgTNL8_W9OoVgbijKRMrWjSBOjc5U3clqmeXhAdk2H2Rz639IqK36BC9OCSgvzx1fUU_ud9FHQGS_pLvECfqrbJI5ms4ciY-nXx6ciE5l5C6R2wyrf0AS7x7usDo_dL77EB7SaSBpglEr_QZW8R-jx9GQiMtZ-JUiYBkE4iy11DX4eMO-QAufYL/w400-h323/drew2.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Estimates for the different bits of English green belt</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiXwOWyFKIq1UmFnJXGk-1mfKanOCL5ZHrQCcxvG3-v-MGlZBYQmwXUnMAN_HoEs8LvDyKhS8bJPCw796S_DvDIGSC3NgcKJgOD4xSYlnn6ua08OwZN6AzT0H1rD9Jp3l3jykteYaZLtL9qXMqGDL3AhYNvsuDGlT5syQy4vxtqwGGsWTsSGxBL4byd6YW/s1471/drew3.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="841" data-original-width="1471" height="229" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiXwOWyFKIq1UmFnJXGk-1mfKanOCL5ZHrQCcxvG3-v-MGlZBYQmwXUnMAN_HoEs8LvDyKhS8bJPCw796S_DvDIGSC3NgcKJgOD4xSYlnn6ua08OwZN6AzT0H1rD9Jp3l3jykteYaZLtL9qXMqGDL3AhYNvsuDGlT5syQy4vxtqwGGsWTsSGxBL4byd6YW/w400-h229/drew3.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A spreadsheet you can explore and have fun with</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>If you look at the <a href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1Je_nBudV_nP71HAASOpOLW3AnDcfaDBOUxitRxpsOS8/edit?usp=sharing" target="_blank">spreadsheet</a> shown above you will see three different estimates for the population of the green belt in England, ranging from 1,073,863 to 1,236,452. My figure of 1,186,546 is very close to the middle figure in the spreadsheet of 1,168,301 which was calculated from the ONS population estimate of 2.4 people per dwelling. You will also notice a tab in the spreadsheet with <a href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1Je_nBudV_nP71HAASOpOLW3AnDcfaDBOUxitRxpsOS8/edit#gid=1396946761" target="_blank">green belt population by local planning authority</a>.</p><p><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNu3LEZnlYcQjbX-pzLVaN7Vy0O8lHeSZ0gkyQyDRLKUURXw4-WdoAwo3zhMJR1WyiBgi4ZjmRvxk2QMxeMELSMXA3QLecpUfC7GhUhyR2H6Lc359sxucTBpLB5Ymbl_XYUEnQ2QLwm0L02enm5c66ZZBdyp46-BG1MFlbX-8lgFdC2XGhRrHG5dceSotG/s1302/green-belt-data.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1302" data-original-width="1202" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNu3LEZnlYcQjbX-pzLVaN7Vy0O8lHeSZ0gkyQyDRLKUURXw4-WdoAwo3zhMJR1WyiBgi4ZjmRvxk2QMxeMELSMXA3QLecpUfC7GhUhyR2H6Lc359sxucTBpLB5Ymbl_XYUEnQ2QLwm0L02enm5c66ZZBdyp46-BG1MFlbX-8lgFdC2XGhRrHG5dceSotG/w369-h400/green-belt-data.png" width="369" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The dots are UPRNs, the shapes are buildings</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>So there we go. Why am I writing about this again? It's a long-standing interest of mine, plus it has also been in the news recently so I thought I'd take another look at it. Oh, also, I discovered that I'm only 430 metres from the green belt even though I'm in a very densely populated area.</p><p>Want to look at a map that has current green belt boundaries on it? Check out the <a href="https://www.planning.data.gov.uk/map/" target="_blank">National Map of Planning Data</a> for England and then just turn on the green belt layer.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_2IoN5THn3RobQl8qvKuZfgKPcIWzgPLdrxIlTnLJwfZYKWqIZSwqZjkZ5j0OTYg5NljkvBs7YFm2KbiPZPdJQsSFzK4sUxmMqHAHgdZk0BoUxcU2C92fjzZunuR2-sJbTArCRGohDRlJMCwL5Bemnyfn_FeK8bxPHxTRFVxZm03kkWk6aU0LyIx3tCDu/s1302/green-belt-data2.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1302" data-original-width="1202" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_2IoN5THn3RobQl8qvKuZfgKPcIWzgPLdrxIlTnLJwfZYKWqIZSwqZjkZ5j0OTYg5NljkvBs7YFm2KbiPZPdJQsSFzK4sUxmMqHAHgdZk0BoUxcU2C92fjzZunuR2-sJbTArCRGohDRlJMCwL5Bemnyfn_FeK8bxPHxTRFVxZm03kkWk6aU0LyIx3tCDu/w369-h400/green-belt-data2.png" width="369" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Green belt near me, I didn't realise so close</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>*'green belt' is how I'm writing it here but the government tend to use 'Green Belt' but of course if you're being proper you might say 'green belts' but we also see 'greenbelt' and 'Green belt' - I'm not fussed, it's all talking about the same thing</p>Alasdair Raehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12959449302596057979noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6894643731791231365.post-45647189504908125722023-08-20T01:00:00.008-07:002023-08-20T01:21:03.006-07:00GB railway stations + nearest station<p>I'm sharing a file of the location of all railway stations in Great Britain, put together from Table 1410 of the UK's Office of Rail and Road (ORR). So, clearly, a momentous occasion. I published something similar years ago and I see people still using it but the old one doesn't have new stations like Reston, Inverness Airport or Marsh Barton in it. Oh, and I also calculated the nearest station (as the crow flies) for each station, just out of curiosity. <a href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/17eW3FhX5Vl7ZhGEnJsmgTKcQWwR0iygYXMCAmdQXkdQ/edit?usp=sharing" target="_blank">Here's the spreadsheet.</a> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeLT6ek9O5eiaOPCYHnobBR0NwAce95HPhVADPzqMJR_3t5mFMRfHepdPGipgapfE_-J1cBLdLuoCemYowXkgN6Tm3ZRzbLoSgQH4OO4ZS4D4C3_jXoCOaTaKD70Eciy1roc6lcHMErNYWIcRu4y5qMfaKRx-7sThk-WGvJh83IqwJnmNMvTKC3RnHlhuW/s927/nearest1.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="834" data-original-width="927" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeLT6ek9O5eiaOPCYHnobBR0NwAce95HPhVADPzqMJR_3t5mFMRfHepdPGipgapfE_-J1cBLdLuoCemYowXkgN6Tm3ZRzbLoSgQH4OO4ZS4D4C3_jXoCOaTaKD70Eciy1roc6lcHMErNYWIcRu4y5qMfaKRx-7sThk-WGvJh83IqwJnmNMvTKC3RnHlhuW/w400-h360/nearest1.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The <i>real </i>blockbuster of the summer</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>I posted a few maps I made of this on my twitter, as a kind of annoying map quiz - these are copied below too. <i>What on earth are these maps showing? </i>Well, for each of the 2,573 stations in my dataset I simply drew a line to its nearest station. Sometimes the lines are reciprocal - e.g. for Aberdeen, Dyce is the nearest station as the crow flies, and for Dyce, Aberdeen is nearest. In these cases the lines on the map look a bit glowy because there are two overlapping each other. But this kind of thing isn't always the case. That's why the maps look kind of disjointed and weird.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD37aE6DcV_zN104L0kMRBUEZjnhXUwuiE_4HJMw2BSHtEaHghRCqx3bX6IE8Rz6XM9PaFCfVMb557jTNvL6-BNqmBFYrrR3GvSWwybb5dAviaQRBMFSzXSF7yCAbxp4VvsJanLSFYq3ZoWkqUYk0QZMy2AnsxZLE6tdc0ymHH9xx660ZAZjXPQfLUXiw2/s736/hmm1.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="736" data-original-width="630" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD37aE6DcV_zN104L0kMRBUEZjnhXUwuiE_4HJMw2BSHtEaHghRCqx3bX6IE8Rz6XM9PaFCfVMb557jTNvL6-BNqmBFYrrR3GvSWwybb5dAviaQRBMFSzXSF7yCAbxp4VvsJanLSFYq3ZoWkqUYk0QZMy2AnsxZLE6tdc0ymHH9xx660ZAZjXPQfLUXiw2/s320/hmm1.png" width="274" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHM30fEc3pCW_eTKlR-oEEEDPzHpBKaLUEGJheear-nYS7I2ojsBKTVjwqpxwmx5RKCG7pxo92ZKFl12M0Kz329uF1x-1bBVD7Ft35ErdVt8LawpzvznBARHMXittooPuGRdQgL_mJomS2KxQYzIdw9X_QLeBsGB1QrQ3WdINA3Gv_9g3MUnEM7jmdU2ro/s736/hmm2.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="736" data-original-width="630" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHM30fEc3pCW_eTKlR-oEEEDPzHpBKaLUEGJheear-nYS7I2ojsBKTVjwqpxwmx5RKCG7pxo92ZKFl12M0Kz329uF1x-1bBVD7Ft35ErdVt8LawpzvznBARHMXittooPuGRdQgL_mJomS2KxQYzIdw9X_QLeBsGB1QrQ3WdINA3Gv_9g3MUnEM7jmdU2ro/s320/hmm2.png" width="274" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtvdd1lMhn2JciytTs5zgGGxoJhQQuSoC0JfcmVPIUn72mutp1JJaaLazO43idPhWQ21XuOgo9UFCDBjuWEzzLpm-l84WR7dvwxQKLlBL8Ko-sYikfV_v4p2rxbRSc75RQGAcIt93lsRt3oynuyVYeRVe4RYSOH1SBrquQjl4LH4-7UgkZnp3KGkp-0uiT/s736/hmm3.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="736" data-original-width="630" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtvdd1lMhn2JciytTs5zgGGxoJhQQuSoC0JfcmVPIUn72mutp1JJaaLazO43idPhWQ21XuOgo9UFCDBjuWEzzLpm-l84WR7dvwxQKLlBL8Ko-sYikfV_v4p2rxbRSc75RQGAcIt93lsRt3oynuyVYeRVe4RYSOH1SBrquQjl4LH4-7UgkZnp3KGkp-0uiT/s320/hmm3.png" width="274" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVHQhBZjy3vbau5Xo2thjleGglwkHg2DlXb4X2qcMxpnRp4-6uZNn2kZi-BuiRL7tyGlxWFfnoLfUFUloaZMX3O_Nl9JOC4S5tUVlQ0CPyqmQIZ2TBVakuAESmGk8vnB2eI9QaUJSSVi8Ww9I9MQeu2C73b0JZImZk1itcJE2ceL-C4aC4FBmNaxvMO5wz/s736/hmm4.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="736" data-original-width="630" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVHQhBZjy3vbau5Xo2thjleGglwkHg2DlXb4X2qcMxpnRp4-6uZNn2kZi-BuiRL7tyGlxWFfnoLfUFUloaZMX3O_Nl9JOC4S5tUVlQ0CPyqmQIZ2TBVakuAESmGk8vnB2eI9QaUJSSVi8Ww9I9MQeu2C73b0JZImZk1itcJE2ceL-C4aC4FBmNaxvMO5wz/s320/hmm4.png" width="274" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2EEeqMD0bjFQR3mllENw81KvKDVFvSh_it4t3L6gARMTe-M2LH6RcjQsouSAwRy5G-Qe3gbKKclJPzAowLwx5mTFt8qprIdI2274gjTAZ0nvTuNTZrQFOKojns8EmIkbgkmk3r5zVT_GnqhQO7W3zS0aMLX-M4R2Np3fTqCpT1i5_dw1G7Jw07kkCWiVu/s736/hmm5.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="736" data-original-width="630" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2EEeqMD0bjFQR3mllENw81KvKDVFvSh_it4t3L6gARMTe-M2LH6RcjQsouSAwRy5G-Qe3gbKKclJPzAowLwx5mTFt8qprIdI2274gjTAZ0nvTuNTZrQFOKojns8EmIkbgkmk3r5zVT_GnqhQO7W3zS0aMLX-M4R2Np3fTqCpT1i5_dw1G7Jw07kkCWiVu/s320/hmm5.png" width="274" /></a></div><br /><p>Now, if you can't be bothered clicking on to the <a href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/17eW3FhX5Vl7ZhGEnJsmgTKcQWwR0iygYXMCAmdQXkdQ/edit#gid=1624978172" target="_blank">spreadsheet</a> then here are the numbers on furthest gaps between stations and also nearest to each other according to my calculations. And remember that <b>a) </b>this is straight line distance, as the crow flies, and <b>b) </b>it doesn't mean you can actually travel between these station pairs. It's purely a measure of how far away - in a straight line - the nearest station is.</p><p></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Malton to York - 27.4 km / 17.0 miles</li><li>Stranraer to Barrhill - 26.1 km / 16.2 miles</li><li>Wick to Georgemas Junction - 22.2 km / 13.8 miles</li></ol><p></p><p>and at the bottom of the list</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Catford to Catford Bridge - 0.09 km / 0.06 miles</li><li>Catford Bridge to Catford - 0.09 km / 0.06 miles</li><li>St Budeaux Victoria Road to St Budeaux Ferry Road - 0.12 km / 0.08 miles</li></ul><p></p><p><br /></p><p><i>Hmm, but what about actual distance along the railway? Could we try and figure this out? Yes we could. But first here's a map or two comparing the longest straight lines to how bendy the real lines are.</i></p><p><i><br /></i></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjp2kJHX_NNA4TL-3DuBG0LiJUrrTRuwzFXhgh6vPr502xeLMB4Qztpnfvowd7AkDiDhQS4sCzuZfgxV7figrue3dhL98UYslnNNdp7kO0cVCH1Q2YKvkq9Ldgxnls1IlwTJn3olI5uPhzVGvRILttTHvT22P98gv2dK2UK8LcMCPOqiaEnIgfokTMP1M1h/s1245/straight-vs-bendy1.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="723" data-original-width="1245" height="186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjp2kJHX_NNA4TL-3DuBG0LiJUrrTRuwzFXhgh6vPr502xeLMB4Qztpnfvowd7AkDiDhQS4sCzuZfgxV7figrue3dhL98UYslnNNdp7kO0cVCH1Q2YKvkq9Ldgxnls1IlwTJn3olI5uPhzVGvRILttTHvT22P98gv2dK2UK8LcMCPOqiaEnIgfokTMP1M1h/s320/straight-vs-bendy1.PNG" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bendy</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyP3G5VAA9j4zFYvKtq_L2eDOP-tD5ykYHt3SNRxbrQ0tWYyrMjH4CPx8XqfC8XNyk9sesRUcP_WHivtMsJCxaeZnlCTrbHCHXeOJ53osPfh5cNqlJH1pSLuLAsOcsefg5eE3Ws-BgHQWwTvzeW-ZXhjAHJgRS2q9soJXq3skmMlkjaZVE7lG60zSF-EMd/s694/straight-vs-bendy2.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="694" data-original-width="560" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyP3G5VAA9j4zFYvKtq_L2eDOP-tD5ykYHt3SNRxbrQ0tWYyrMjH4CPx8XqfC8XNyk9sesRUcP_WHivtMsJCxaeZnlCTrbHCHXeOJ53osPfh5cNqlJH1pSLuLAsOcsefg5eE3Ws-BgHQWwTvzeW-ZXhjAHJgRS2q9soJXq3skmMlkjaZVE7lG60zSF-EMd/s320/straight-vs-bendy2.PNG" width="258" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">VERY bendy</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfIY2ncIyjOAYeuZEWI_qryFfSNPFtjQ3PePUx9-dsebbS0Zw2xL6T65rY3f15wzS92hnthZ78JljO2Wb7Ac50tdNKwQqcaRpJobjZC6MoetEw357N2L2uBgQbkHqcEUfYt58XDvpWMXyGL041mJEEnkH7MoujnNkqh06SLYspLDh7cncuGVZvMrIgoQ21/s773/straight-vs-bendy3.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="680" data-original-width="773" height="282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfIY2ncIyjOAYeuZEWI_qryFfSNPFtjQ3PePUx9-dsebbS0Zw2xL6T65rY3f15wzS92hnthZ78JljO2Wb7Ac50tdNKwQqcaRpJobjZC6MoetEw357N2L2uBgQbkHqcEUfYt58XDvpWMXyGL041mJEEnkH7MoujnNkqh06SLYspLDh7cncuGVZvMrIgoQ21/s320/straight-vs-bendy3.PNG" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Surprisingly bendy</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>And my quest to find the longest gap between stations - again, regardless of whether you can get a train from one to the other - has led me to the following maps.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO07ARKEeRJ4SHi48J_vFVLIRzuGuYmx1d98zYHJejhza9QAZPtRwMCpEK6_EDmp-U0F9UEREJrBqQ9t_mkNUVsV1F8o3-KXwSBc2CZNnrEUZUlKvpkyMCTeSdFM6YkJvhndUkyjhAsiA5rr8t-1aFeZ39dBIAFcKS-_Uonx39LRFNwzH5mUJrMlEOwXr3/s698/bendy1.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="592" data-original-width="698" height="271" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO07ARKEeRJ4SHi48J_vFVLIRzuGuYmx1d98zYHJejhza9QAZPtRwMCpEK6_EDmp-U0F9UEREJrBqQ9t_mkNUVsV1F8o3-KXwSBc2CZNnrEUZUlKvpkyMCTeSdFM6YkJvhndUkyjhAsiA5rr8t-1aFeZ39dBIAFcKS-_Uonx39LRFNwzH5mUJrMlEOwXr3/s320/bendy1.PNG" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">More interesting if you're into this stuff</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUAc3JKCxiQJ6uanUwEzBfYdGu3kFFX-QM582iqbmLAtEKattO7OEwWZtiHR0iLbpxAQ5LytOv4D69ypcaUffzC5Qs6c-y5rE9lLWGbK-gCSQ-qPDnjULsHs4TrSp3rR9M8e4rAxsBHO1dpqRXz87XFqVPhEsPWrUvdjJzYCy5nSSXhS9dfSDP0gY0nw24/s665/stranraer-barrhill.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="665" data-original-width="624" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUAc3JKCxiQJ6uanUwEzBfYdGu3kFFX-QM582iqbmLAtEKattO7OEwWZtiHR0iLbpxAQ5LytOv4D69ypcaUffzC5Qs6c-y5rE9lLWGbK-gCSQ-qPDnjULsHs4TrSp3rR9M8e4rAxsBHO1dpqRXz87XFqVPhEsPWrUvdjJzYCy5nSSXhS9dfSDP0gY0nw24/s320/stranraer-barrhill.PNG" width="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">I do believe we have a winner</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-f3ho5NiAGIqGKapStQJvf_76wzuOg0bqMACGYiSZ30vR5DtdXK-zxIBLDkJCJzTX1LizRHzhSUVz9DcZGQXc_GXSebTLuYeuBfi_7SPcEwsUhQf6MZUgWJS-9gGeaL5jsBgBVE7093Q9buEDHg3Kqxv1JfsLeQ73zlR_HSR0uOVOy4KC_Te2mhoNWBRe/s1391/bendy3.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="629" data-original-width="1391" height="145" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-f3ho5NiAGIqGKapStQJvf_76wzuOg0bqMACGYiSZ30vR5DtdXK-zxIBLDkJCJzTX1LizRHzhSUVz9DcZGQXc_GXSebTLuYeuBfi_7SPcEwsUhQf6MZUgWJS-9gGeaL5jsBgBVE7093Q9buEDHg3Kqxv1JfsLeQ73zlR_HSR0uOVOy4KC_Te2mhoNWBRe/s320/bendy3.PNG" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Not very bendy, so similar distances</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>Okay, so, to sum up.</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Some stations are far away from others.</li><li>Some stations are close to others.</li><li>Some stations are even further away if you are a train.</li><li>Malton to York is the 'furthest nearest' station gap at 27.4 km / 17.0 miles</li><li>Stranraer to Barrhill is the 'furthest nearest' station gap if you follow the railway line, at 41.4 km / 25.7 miles.</li><li>Coatbridge Central and Highbury & Islington are both the nearest station - as the crow flies - to four other stations. That's more than any other.</li><li>What about tube stations, tram stops, subway, etc? I'm only looking at the national network of rail stations included in the ORR data here so that's not part of this.</li></ul><p><br /></p><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHOaRpw1gpQaiezfuSssK3a_nFGwiUZQ2wlspVZpXbHLlfq10uNjgO13_KlOdZ75gAvREgSa-nQmG-dMO1kIcIWWs7-pIUnUo4qnS8ZSWafUtil7SxArCqGdCPAC2SL-3vKifef2GHmjjkheSciP7Vn39twifXMkNa4EpwxU7a3z37kiNB32Nh56U0QVhp/s1242/coatbridge-central.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="590" data-original-width="1242" height="152" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHOaRpw1gpQaiezfuSssK3a_nFGwiUZQ2wlspVZpXbHLlfq10uNjgO13_KlOdZ75gAvREgSa-nQmG-dMO1kIcIWWs7-pIUnUo4qnS8ZSWafUtil7SxArCqGdCPAC2SL-3vKifef2GHmjjkheSciP7Vn39twifXMkNa4EpwxU7a3z37kiNB32Nh56U0QVhp/s320/coatbridge-central.PNG" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The clue is in the name!</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHfKdrIfXGot_kBQu7WjbgWm-YH9ApHXRA5QtGoeOHAfZcWjt0oNOHkkBEeCxcLUmmcp7-Q8q32z2sVplI7kwts2wX8TwL-mzECULBS0SXZm_sxe55ZY7vYk8C_vad1R8yhte1oxrAmQ9Pg77j46A_lT7iB62CcWRjzAjfyJWQ-BJOit3GdURNh_jfuvU4/s1381/highbury-islington.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="633" data-original-width="1381" height="147" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHfKdrIfXGot_kBQu7WjbgWm-YH9ApHXRA5QtGoeOHAfZcWjt0oNOHkkBEeCxcLUmmcp7-Q8q32z2sVplI7kwts2wX8TwL-mzECULBS0SXZm_sxe55ZY7vYk8C_vad1R8yhte1oxrAmQ9Pg77j46A_lT7iB62CcWRjzAjfyJWQ-BJOit3GdURNh_jfuvU4/s320/highbury-islington.PNG" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Centre of a universe</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVN7C0Tbf3XGNP_deZiaa-3xBhcU335IW8yHluhU8XD39cTi579MpocgjVMlhJxFQMiwFez0oGtQjcYWVdd5dpd2No2y8bbbDtf3MdPtdMsxOK0XF0qzkERrpG_YM7wYQd2ge-PMvpO78OzoWxIWgpMNYeFFImB6OXI1MZtcHzaOJiWRKex4xB1250v0DE/s654/bendy2.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="654" data-original-width="618" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVN7C0Tbf3XGNP_deZiaa-3xBhcU335IW8yHluhU8XD39cTi579MpocgjVMlhJxFQMiwFez0oGtQjcYWVdd5dpd2No2y8bbbDtf3MdPtdMsxOK0XF0qzkERrpG_YM7wYQd2ge-PMvpO78OzoWxIWgpMNYeFFImB6OXI1MZtcHzaOJiWRKex4xB1250v0DE/s320/bendy2.PNG" width="302" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Another more bendy one</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p>Alasdair Raehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12959449302596057979noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6894643731791231365.post-75890221525086780622023-08-14T13:20:00.005-07:002023-08-15T10:28:37.585-07:00Global terrain maps<p>A short post today, with some visuals. I used some <a href="https://visibleearth.nasa.gov/collection/1484/blue-marble" target="_blank">Blue Marble imagery from NASA</a> - one layer was topography and the other was the colour image of the earth for August - and then I used the prelease v2 of <a href="https://ephtracy.github.io/index.html?page=aerialod" target="_blank">Aerialod</a> to visualise it. I tweaked the Blue Marble colours slightly and the elevation and bathymetry (in the final images) is greatly exaggerated, for effect.</p><p>I had a bit of fun with this. And this is the result.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE0ERAm9DXeUtmBJ5zPZ_d_RxR6SBX0JAQRg4RDIeytuRNVPHQCHGuIvkOQWrQlee3K652TSaeqWSaBT8wcnp0Go9Kd6ogpVO7d6tDSAZEKG63oIE5Auei4slneKvOLJxn2XdtZXjqRsxjR6oLbAaZrVA8i4d0ArH1nkgWIjTzEp1JjEG7kumveUWe4PFJ/s3840/nasa-blue-marble-1.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2160" data-original-width="3840" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE0ERAm9DXeUtmBJ5zPZ_d_RxR6SBX0JAQRg4RDIeytuRNVPHQCHGuIvkOQWrQlee3K652TSaeqWSaBT8wcnp0Go9Kd6ogpVO7d6tDSAZEKG63oIE5Auei4slneKvOLJxn2XdtZXjqRsxjR6oLbAaZrVA8i4d0ArH1nkgWIjTzEp1JjEG7kumveUWe4PFJ/w400-h225/nasa-blue-marble-1.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">NASA Blue Marble + topography</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-mNE2OrW2yU0ANMDpDKAdgqr3qb4AGzvu4yzLNWWOjR9ux5UojRmXQmGHRaxpwCjsnL004LCaoUPnim2UAqo3iiUlHSlx6CzMvzJy5tOKBXDhvKfTILAjTeXgoMFzNLDNpq4FGMtIEe-zBFuJwDYfLlHheMDtQjMI-vdkQ-kFuYY3Zz6Y2wlMS8nzO0ph/s3840/nasa-blue-marble-3.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3250" data-original-width="3840" height="339" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-mNE2OrW2yU0ANMDpDKAdgqr3qb4AGzvu4yzLNWWOjR9ux5UojRmXQmGHRaxpwCjsnL004LCaoUPnim2UAqo3iiUlHSlx6CzMvzJy5tOKBXDhvKfTILAjTeXgoMFzNLDNpq4FGMtIEe-zBFuJwDYfLlHheMDtQjMI-vdkQ-kFuYY3Zz6Y2wlMS8nzO0ph/w400-h339/nasa-blue-marble-3.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A few bumps in Europe and North Africa</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgarnb-W6DhS2S_lI_GQRwkmpWyCSVkFZ-Y8zyvPf7tge_sdlSxI5Q0godOySsiyZbizx0wukRqX8cBy8QzQenMy-pEtcff_jXZIdAPwOuo04RtaRaulbJIvqn07hIx8WNSron2McTmPnaqsnQWRaF-rkU86wajjzohpU_OFJ-hWpRUHDlutclyjvCiyS7X/s3840/nasa-blue-marble-2.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2160" data-original-width="3840" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgarnb-W6DhS2S_lI_GQRwkmpWyCSVkFZ-Y8zyvPf7tge_sdlSxI5Q0godOySsiyZbizx0wukRqX8cBy8QzQenMy-pEtcff_jXZIdAPwOuo04RtaRaulbJIvqn07hIx8WNSron2McTmPnaqsnQWRaF-rkU86wajjzohpU_OFJ-hWpRUHDlutclyjvCiyS7X/w400-h225/nasa-blue-marble-2.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Some nice colours and interesting bumps here</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjio7imojS2SYSgFENEyvEGDfGPuuYDipUQ35esixu1XrLrLPOfdmAROE_gzNKdXk9l-yRY-xSK57t0BFPBRTKoc-vunQe_P-xV9AgJXoZsjmYGKQ-3LY3bn4X-_Xpb3_xOhI0X7bcieXQnnDUXVLkQrkvnkMq00q15x5MMsuflR5-8sGTHsfW-GKL5xzBV/s3840/nasa-blue-marble-4.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2160" data-original-width="3840" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjio7imojS2SYSgFENEyvEGDfGPuuYDipUQ35esixu1XrLrLPOfdmAROE_gzNKdXk9l-yRY-xSK57t0BFPBRTKoc-vunQe_P-xV9AgJXoZsjmYGKQ-3LY3bn4X-_Xpb3_xOhI0X7bcieXQnnDUXVLkQrkvnkMq00q15x5MMsuflR5-8sGTHsfW-GKL5xzBV/w400-h225/nasa-blue-marble-4.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A view across most of North America</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmfiQa1aKDHzwVTOtaRKr47EEpfs1OMQFqRgyCWWvtZvG91msgyYd4KEdDGTe7VMQ547xjykokLLPGXdGx4SdlOTIvF0I4CtIhHwxqcIICvTXFCOto60iqc8TSoyjtdXyZD_72uPHMZhW_2JwKqCK7P3rTXEPMMWkY4f2RwWi9YaU6SodvRDTgxQ1u0yuZ/s3840/nasa-blue-marble-5.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2160" data-original-width="3840" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmfiQa1aKDHzwVTOtaRKr47EEpfs1OMQFqRgyCWWvtZvG91msgyYd4KEdDGTe7VMQ547xjykokLLPGXdGx4SdlOTIvF0I4CtIhHwxqcIICvTXFCOto60iqc8TSoyjtdXyZD_72uPHMZhW_2JwKqCK7P3rTXEPMMWkY4f2RwWi9YaU6SodvRDTgxQ1u0yuZ/w400-h225/nasa-blue-marble-5.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A slightly different angle on South America</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwFL9jor1xY0b3m78UD91H94dKnrijQIoKKf3mSUzAnXCXRu92Fcc4XOABswysDkHF1onXm8R88i4n1IJYThIhK0cWoB-APaGSTUc5z4roEcrRFaHbK05rhlC4DzYT_Q3tX9K8yNJpAqXH238I4WjMvLmYAPa4lOajCUlXXleEMOFzCpRUDOX_ZwdcmTes/s3840/nasa-blue-marble-6.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2160" data-original-width="3840" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwFL9jor1xY0b3m78UD91H94dKnrijQIoKKf3mSUzAnXCXRu92Fcc4XOABswysDkHF1onXm8R88i4n1IJYThIhK0cWoB-APaGSTUc5z4roEcrRFaHbK05rhlC4DzYT_Q3tX9K8yNJpAqXH238I4WjMvLmYAPa4lOajCUlXXleEMOFzCpRUDOX_ZwdcmTes/w400-h225/nasa-blue-marble-6.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">I quite like this perspective, very interesting</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitP00WwBiMN88mMqugH9IxVk2sj3sSrQo9ynHAES6T3ba7DyAOOyaOJ8T-LjlWOXWdhW10w9PJedgv607XO7HVxIQwkvlbRmiotfAbr0e07EJBxWUBp4YK_4FeBREFTNGOtDtk6jTOvesloQKEisQKRfodzS_dFY207OUICzrseQ-WN6SShg0_K0V-1b71/s3840/nasa-blue-marble-7.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2160" data-original-width="3840" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitP00WwBiMN88mMqugH9IxVk2sj3sSrQo9ynHAES6T3ba7DyAOOyaOJ8T-LjlWOXWdhW10w9PJedgv607XO7HVxIQwkvlbRmiotfAbr0e07EJBxWUBp4YK_4FeBREFTNGOtDtk6jTOvesloQKEisQKRfodzS_dFY207OUICzrseQ-WN6SShg0_K0V-1b71/w400-h225/nasa-blue-marble-7.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Gosh, The Himalayas are quite big</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-XMmTekSAYnScsKAplYiZX25GfMDkEnRFJxubkaxCdT_H1r2uoD8dODBsxdogFu49JFvF7JfEO6IdzCwnAKoXMLhTRVOvje-1BRA_FvtVzLPFm7fvm-CV7FIaDVQiuoQOjb5e3YwQ_iZkEDsZWf2XIEWQ48kILhLd8fJDfF9TvxFOFqFYNBOzToiwta-u/s3840/nasa-blue-marble-9.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2160" data-original-width="3840" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-XMmTekSAYnScsKAplYiZX25GfMDkEnRFJxubkaxCdT_H1r2uoD8dODBsxdogFu49JFvF7JfEO6IdzCwnAKoXMLhTRVOvje-1BRA_FvtVzLPFm7fvm-CV7FIaDVQiuoQOjb5e3YwQ_iZkEDsZWf2XIEWQ48kILhLd8fJDfF9TvxFOFqFYNBOzToiwta-u/w400-h225/nasa-blue-marble-9.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">So many mountains here!</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJSr7btlG_Dx-uTCfvgi-QUx1qMqaBIHpPHlQFV0nwvVtsv5qTh2_vfyKs4LSJa9t2GuTJ_mY2ZREsDv1fYD8vfOs5WscdhQyZk84veELqXU55nPuUdEuBpBSA0_Av8_eoufPL0VuG-8vCtmUYAjvgZE5xUbfE-fJFr7ZXUtqRfnyGWEnbJ1OB6GMFXIsK/s3840/nasa-blue-marble-8.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2500" data-original-width="3840" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJSr7btlG_Dx-uTCfvgi-QUx1qMqaBIHpPHlQFV0nwvVtsv5qTh2_vfyKs4LSJa9t2GuTJ_mY2ZREsDv1fYD8vfOs5WscdhQyZk84veELqXU55nPuUdEuBpBSA0_Av8_eoufPL0VuG-8vCtmUYAjvgZE5xUbfE-fJFr7ZXUtqRfnyGWEnbJ1OB6GMFXIsK/w400-h260/nasa-blue-marble-8.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Another pretty interesting view</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjX8mxSKHRBvtMF235EauJXcHVmWaUwzdu2hNiqjmadY7szCAZWSj-JGqch8au6QZJln8HA9plZwRBehFK5AIB9reKu3PDILZWs20KoF4tSU5aywH2veApRi4YEM7GpmPdAn04AKOfOqjFuvjRA_gHypQtvWr1BaHt6OhuRHloaQeGy4F6Wtsl7K9Q-Q9Ru/s3840/nasa-blue-marble-10.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2160" data-original-width="3840" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjX8mxSKHRBvtMF235EauJXcHVmWaUwzdu2hNiqjmadY7szCAZWSj-JGqch8au6QZJln8HA9plZwRBehFK5AIB9reKu3PDILZWs20KoF4tSU5aywH2veApRi4YEM7GpmPdAn04AKOfOqjFuvjRA_gHypQtvWr1BaHt6OhuRHloaQeGy4F6Wtsl7K9Q-Q9Ru/w400-h225/nasa-blue-marble-10.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Same as the first one, but with a few more light effects</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /><p>That's all for now :)</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigT0dl03qfGAckOH78syZmEvs-VVyBGRJ8AXruoiAr_AAOOV6YYrxp3Kn6Y_5AVy3rGu1DcELDm94W0ljyzLvU7x9hKCgRQZ1ZvPKxHskFMeTTcVtmK7jNYT9YpJ-gt2aInPX7Bdgej677lBbT4nzRJCWGUBM6JAAQqVg3E9f3z93pWQACCY-LB4-9fqqA/s3840/nasa-blue-marble-11.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2160" data-original-width="3840" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigT0dl03qfGAckOH78syZmEvs-VVyBGRJ8AXruoiAr_AAOOV6YYrxp3Kn6Y_5AVy3rGu1DcELDm94W0ljyzLvU7x9hKCgRQZ1ZvPKxHskFMeTTcVtmK7jNYT9YpJ-gt2aInPX7Bdgej677lBbT4nzRJCWGUBM6JAAQqVg3E9f3z93pWQACCY-LB4-9fqqA/w400-h225/nasa-blue-marble-11.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">With exaggerated bathymetry too</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnPWExOufkrm6AdmMlStSeCFL0hTBYvJXXnT3msXjYyGzM7eEwhozO5nsPhURsyRtWRzWQX_q4ZKkM-3GsjvXRrMnGPv_GizOlBMjboUegbUBD1lCuEfJIC4AcYRbmfK-VrxXWrXOgnWfbZupwY9534TrlU1qedjwXohzmcEVUS6Jx4zW8cPbWBr2etbkP/s3840/nasa-blue-marble-12.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2160" data-original-width="3840" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnPWExOufkrm6AdmMlStSeCFL0hTBYvJXXnT3msXjYyGzM7eEwhozO5nsPhURsyRtWRzWQX_q4ZKkM-3GsjvXRrMnGPv_GizOlBMjboUegbUBD1lCuEfJIC4AcYRbmfK-VrxXWrXOgnWfbZupwY9534TrlU1qedjwXohzmcEVUS6Jx4zW8cPbWBr2etbkP/w400-h225/nasa-blue-marble-12.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Classic mid-Atlantic wrinkles</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQZYEUHJJ65xDcjWB3yyVL5_URsx-syFTc6JLZ4DsxiJf2P9wnihYu0TtvFaxbFzOkjccvCtfjKijjqIt6vtNqormEbUvZxIxb6nVwt0_19Wo0H0tYVeQoCYObOk6uBd4Hz_509YJJ3FDex31Jc48oSXftLfsRzJmwLrtw2Zf1EOcv_ysmnskjuYRH2tYK/s3840/nasa-blue-marble-13.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2160" data-original-width="3840" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQZYEUHJJ65xDcjWB3yyVL5_URsx-syFTc6JLZ4DsxiJf2P9wnihYu0TtvFaxbFzOkjccvCtfjKijjqIt6vtNqormEbUvZxIxb6nVwt0_19Wo0H0tYVeQoCYObOk6uBd4Hz_509YJJ3FDex31Jc48oSXftLfsRzJmwLrtw2Zf1EOcv_ysmnskjuYRH2tYK/w400-h225/nasa-blue-marble-13.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Maps without New Zealand should not exist</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div>Alasdair Raehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12959449302596057979noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6894643731791231365.post-59157058090676050392023-07-13T04:06:00.010-07:002023-07-13T06:09:01.128-07:00A new UK constituency hex map<p>There are new constituency boundaries in the UK so we made <a href="https://automaticknowledge.org/betahex/#6/52.995/-6.724" target="_blank"><b>a new hex map</b></a>. This means that the ones used in previous elections have been replaced by a new set. There are still 650 constituencies but they are in many cases quite different so any election boffins/mappers will need to get used to them, and their new shapes and names, pretty quickly. Take a look at this <a href="https://alasdairrae.github.io/wpc2023/#8/54.838/-3.358" target="_blank">interactive map</a> if you want to compare them (will load slowly, is best on big screen). When is the next UK general election? Well, nobody knows the date but it has to be no later than 28 January 2025. <a href="https://automaticknowledge.co.uk/about/" target="_blank">Philip Brown and I</a> knew all this was in progress because we keep track of these things - particularly Philip - so many months ago we began the process of creating a new hex map, which you can see below. After that I say a bit more about the process of putting this together. Here's the <a href="https://automaticknowledge.org/wpc-hex/" target="_blank">direct link to the geo files</a> if you want a shp, gpkg or geojson of the new hex map. Don't like hexagons? See <a href="https://youtu.be/T8_nMLfyVkc" target="_blank">this new video</a> on my channel for how to change them to other shapes.</p><p><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBoMP6Q2o9jt5W354tq-efJGHqIz222UEgT5mI8ddMqyHlhkbBHyaWj5nad8-V--lBGyDZ379sLKlEqprCV8zB2hrxC5xTj7FyQ_nTwSK_9DxtK7DboMUmZ7HzkBLdD_yLCdtgp3VHJRWxxJhedZ1wFLxlzKzeGWXOzBO9wrwxhcluyJA-0kBqNol_Iefk/s886/hexweb1.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="886" data-original-width="767" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBoMP6Q2o9jt5W354tq-efJGHqIz222UEgT5mI8ddMqyHlhkbBHyaWj5nad8-V--lBGyDZ379sLKlEqprCV8zB2hrxC5xTj7FyQ_nTwSK_9DxtK7DboMUmZ7HzkBLdD_yLCdtgp3VHJRWxxJhedZ1wFLxlzKzeGWXOzBO9wrwxhcluyJA-0kBqNol_Iefk/s320/hexweb1.PNG" width="277" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The <a href="https://automaticknowledge.org/betahex/#6/53.690/-1.780" target="_blank">new hexmap</a> - web version</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEix4lvwfmh159A3f4Q_ekKK-lf92LadGAO9-QgOKFSOJc5JwNNUP13EnCtJ6vQdQGL8ER3h9d_zV1Qe-FBRaoPxqVbGs9vd-GAmBV705RD26hJSC-2lw20aE9jniOdOKx3IM34BVWwxckbQ1wb-HFaNFQhZ6uE8nGuzMMJBLvTClZpb5BeK-Yv2hTwzQoYs/s443/hexweb2.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="443" data-original-width="385" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEix4lvwfmh159A3f4Q_ekKK-lf92LadGAO9-QgOKFSOJc5JwNNUP13EnCtJ6vQdQGL8ER3h9d_zV1Qe-FBRaoPxqVbGs9vd-GAmBV705RD26hJSC-2lw20aE9jniOdOKx3IM34BVWwxckbQ1wb-HFaNFQhZ6uE8nGuzMMJBLvTClZpb5BeK-Yv2hTwzQoYs/s320/hexweb2.PNG" width="278" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Search constituencies by name</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><h3 style="text-align: left;">A bit of preamable</h3><p>You can make these things automatically, programmatically, algorithmically etc etc but the results will normally be very sub-optimal. Why? It's because of the difficulty of putting the hexagons together in a 'least-worst' configuration. They are all in the wrong place, but some are less wrong than others. That is, hex maps are about portraying each area with a shape covering the same area rather than geographical accuracy. </p><p>Why? Because sometimes we want to size things by population rather than land area, but this means we have to sacrifice overall shape and individual area locations. But you probably already know all about this if you're reading my blog.</p><p>Each constituency has (very roughly, and with a few notable exceptions) a fairly similar population. Here's what the Parliamentary Constituencies Act 2020 <a href="https://boundarycommissionforengland.independent.gov.uk/2023-review/guide-to-the-2023-review-of-parliamentary-constituencies/page/3/" target="_blank">says</a> about it.</p><p></p><blockquote><blockquote><i>The Act sets out a number of Rules in Schedule 2 which are relevant to the detailed development of proposals for individual constituencies. Foremost among these is Rule 2, which provides that – apart from five specified exceptions – every constituency we recommend must have an electorate (as at 2 March 2020) that is no less than 95% and no more than 105% of the ‘UK electoral quota’. The UK electoral quota for the 2023 Review is, to the nearest whole number, 73,393.</i></blockquote></blockquote><p></p><p></p><blockquote><blockquote><i>Accordingly, every recommended constituency (except the five ‘protected’ constituencies) must have an electorate as at 2 March 2020 that is no smaller than 69,724 and no larger than 77,062.</i></blockquote></blockquote><p></p><p><br /></p><p>The four Boundary Commissions in the UK published their new electoral maps (after previously publishing the initial proposals) in June 2023 and then we finalised the process. There are a total of 650 constituencies, just like before, with the following number in each country of the UK.</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>England (543)</li><li>Northern Ireland (18)</li><li>Scotland (57)</li><li>Wales (32)</li></ul><p></p><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">The process of making this hex map</h3><div>The process of making the map involved the following things, with me proposing the idea to Philip initially because he's really an electoral genius with boundary knowledge that quite frankly I'm surprised can be contained in just one brain. Anyway, he took up the task and got to work and we have our initial 'final' set - though as you can see from the <a href="https://automaticknowledge.org/betahex/#6/53.690/-1.791" target="_blank">web map url</a> we consider this a 'beta' release because we're very aware that we are capable of making mistakes, even if we did go through a fairly rigorous quality assurance process!</div><div><br /></div><div>Okay, so here's what we did. Then below that you'll see some images of how this all worked, including a few WhatsApp screenshots as proof of the level of thought behind this (and probably also evidence that we may need new hobbies).</div><div><br /></div><div><i><b>Here's how we did this</b></i></div><div><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Meet at Dunkin Donuts many months ago to discuss doing this.</li><li>Create blank hex grid in QGIS.</li><li>Agree that we should start with final shape in mind.</li><li>Agree that out of all previous UK constituency hex maps Ben Flanagan's (Esri UK) shape was <a href="https://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=15baaa6fecd54aa4b7250780b6534682" target="_blank">the best shape</a>, so model ours on that.</li><li>Agree that we should generate a unique three letter code for each hex - so that (e.g.) we can label each hex within the shape and because official names often too long!</li><li>Get loads of sheets of A2 and A3 paper printed with blank hex grids on them.</li><li>Leave Philip to do his thing.</li><li>Meet to discuss from time to time.</li><li>Let Philip get on with it, region by region (England) and then UK countries.</li><li>Monitor initial proposals from Boundary Commissions.</li><li>Come up with final configurations on paper.</li><li>Spend day working together on converting paper into digital.</li><li>Revise, tweak, move a few polygons, re-shape Northern Ireland, move things around a little bit.</li><li>Check for errors, duplicates, typos, and suchlike.</li><li>Check again, then generate geo files for sharing (shp, gpkg, gejoson).</li><li>Make <a href="https://automaticknowledge.org/betahex/#6/53.690/-1.791" target="_blank">web map</a> available, as well as <a href="https://automaticknowledge.org/wpc-hex/" target="_blank">file repo</a>.</li><li>Add ONS area codes as soon as they become available (not sure when this will be).</li></ol></div><div><br /></div><div>That is more or less it, but it took many months and most of the hard work here was done by Philip. </div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: left;">Some photos and screenshots for anyone who might be interested</h3><div>It was quite an interesting process. Working on paper was actually very useful so we'd recommend starting with a final shape in mind plus some big bits of hex grid paper if you are trying to do this yourself, but really all the hard work is in figuring out how best to arrange the hexagons. This is what takes so long. Imagine if you had a Word document with 650 text boxes in it and you move just one box - everything else gets totally messed up. Well it's a bit like that. A real headache. All maps are wrong. All hex maps are wrong. But we created the least-wrong hex map we could and we hope others might use it and find it useful.</div><div><br /></div><div>Happy mapping!</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5OwwqemoB75gZ92vPHOfV9Fe7Nt29vDOgZSq_GVrJRN32itWv47jfFb1ZWz1HKGOuSf14f7q9AjuXLIJJOO4gU93zx1EnSwG2Xs10jYD6xTDNgG8-6rKCltbJYpVX_mCyYXWM8Dvv0vz33p7dvJwRhRvKTl2YjJnFavDIrPbXTZimESFk61NgtZpv9Qj/s2237/20230629_111203.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2237" data-original-width="1253" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5OwwqemoB75gZ92vPHOfV9Fe7Nt29vDOgZSq_GVrJRN32itWv47jfFb1ZWz1HKGOuSf14f7q9AjuXLIJJOO4gU93zx1EnSwG2Xs10jYD6xTDNgG8-6rKCltbJYpVX_mCyYXWM8Dvv0vz33p7dvJwRhRvKTl2YjJnFavDIrPbXTZimESFk61NgtZpv9Qj/s320/20230629_111203.jpg" width="179" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjn9rdVHvg4NIXFviJWx7fcEA-JK00zVt8v90b6hrPWRC1F1zOIOTxSoM65py-kqYWuiW_kaaov-kM3waaRwrTyVl_jBEOw-vInTD2pgdywxk4VBJMhZDF-PkjxqMfRW1MKGolBFOsWhSOlruzoRQhdj1Tfp8Q6S9NR1CkMcY1IYmlsIF6D77SALXwHvlBb/s4000/20230629_111212.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2252" data-original-width="4000" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjn9rdVHvg4NIXFviJWx7fcEA-JK00zVt8v90b6hrPWRC1F1zOIOTxSoM65py-kqYWuiW_kaaov-kM3waaRwrTyVl_jBEOw-vInTD2pgdywxk4VBJMhZDF-PkjxqMfRW1MKGolBFOsWhSOlruzoRQhdj1Tfp8Q6S9NR1CkMcY1IYmlsIF6D77SALXwHvlBb/s320/20230629_111212.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKQqgGMQD1q5KJRSPazDJnDtrav1_16pvXMec0xauCr9enbyelI6OEoXidGLGRfiIKGo3XMOrGFNlaEYCkr9zJpIZwj13HmVwzPP1oIk6EnwiGKTJNUFuQlBd5waNNgqiU7isr2eQ-sJLtlbvQ93GEBtR9ls4F7z_Vckr59nmHZRKEChNDzDRlaGqiiksO/s4000/20230629_142500.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; 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text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrf_uZvelS0KwBl9jj4e0Nste9yqOrwMiM3RutHtnpyx8YDJLXXndRZM6v_dzy5NnRT1EexvOwq79vaZqa8oLRO4yBOX0hl-QYbDgXDOzsanJzlpFT_rkKp67Rme-cJi7u3QFt4B90wOuh1bqf8Cr9iWxfS-UjEbd4oMx6Hp0koCndPdj4l3dXcsjWdlav/s2222/Screenshot_20230713_114702_WhatsApp.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2222" data-original-width="1080" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrf_uZvelS0KwBl9jj4e0Nste9yqOrwMiM3RutHtnpyx8YDJLXXndRZM6v_dzy5NnRT1EexvOwq79vaZqa8oLRO4yBOX0hl-QYbDgXDOzsanJzlpFT_rkKp67Rme-cJi7u3QFt4B90wOuh1bqf8Cr9iWxfS-UjEbd4oMx6Hp0koCndPdj4l3dXcsjWdlav/s320/Screenshot_20230713_114702_WhatsApp.jpg" width="156" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhR30Ah73DxiNk6ki15MsaWfMb1fFTWwWVxdFhJw7N2bKs4rvC_MqmYn2rgHcD4mF_zJvcdxvotKtJoIrA-mp7dAVbWt8Fu0uP1rkn6u3YPkcowz3sJRevT1p_tWMeewL9ZJ-LDd-tH5f11iZJUtyIbkwRY1ffdzqkQDPUFWdUxw0t8Tfd8p7if2-KPHi5E/s1670/Screenshot_20230713_114817_WhatsApp.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1670" data-original-width="1073" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhR30Ah73DxiNk6ki15MsaWfMb1fFTWwWVxdFhJw7N2bKs4rvC_MqmYn2rgHcD4mF_zJvcdxvotKtJoIrA-mp7dAVbWt8Fu0uP1rkn6u3YPkcowz3sJRevT1p_tWMeewL9ZJ-LDd-tH5f11iZJUtyIbkwRY1ffdzqkQDPUFWdUxw0t8Tfd8p7if2-KPHi5E/s320/Screenshot_20230713_114817_WhatsApp.jpg" width="206" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div>Alasdair Raehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12959449302596057979noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6894643731791231365.post-90338164236075523672023-06-30T12:05:00.014-07:002023-07-04T00:11:21.981-07:00My QGIS YouTube channel<p>A short post today about the <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@automaticknowledge" target="_blank">QGIS YouTube channel</a> I just launched: called <b>Map Academy</b>. I have my <a href="https://www.udemy.com/user/alasdair-rae-2/" target="_blank">Udemy courses</a> online, and these are aimed at people who want a fully-fledged end-to-end QGIS course at intro or intermediate level. The Udemy courses are going pretty well and I have more than 6,000 students in 148 countries so far - with the top countries being the US, India, the UK, Germany, Canada, Nigeria, Turkey, Indonesia, Egypt and Brazil. <b>If you want to request a video on my new YouTube channel you can do that using the form below.</b></p><p><br />
<iframe frameborder="0" height="800" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" src="https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfZltAxSQ3qoXai3ddyp9ZkEwAvG4LJIqfAu7j4hL6bDSO_Fg/viewform?embedded=true" width="500">Loading…</iframe>
</p><p>But I also wanted to put together some material for when people just want to know one thing, often when they're stuck. So that's what the channel is all about, as explained in the intro video.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/qFk4O0rtwh4" width="320" youtube-src-id="qFk4O0rtwh4"></iframe></div><br /><p>I've posted loads of tutorials on this blog in the past, as well as on Twitter but for a few years I've wanted to put together a channel like this to help people when they're stuck, or when they just want to learn new tricks and techniques quickly, without having to watch a long video, long intro or being asked to like and subscribe.</p><p>At the time of writing there are almost 100 videos on there and I'm going to keep adding to the channel. You can just browse manually, check out the <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@automaticknowledge/playlists" target="_blank">Playlists</a> (below) or just use the channel search function.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtUBOq7qNdhG2KW2IYudUz7eGGz3s1LD3i1DM9IXQRARCPc0IxCyJfHt_gi4AQX58FGY6DMCCFfdKshPS6KSnEEb5hfBTqBOU8V1gZ0FS2vgMqAp4fiCyKTnQKaGxQjXCzjV341FJyxTJQ0LmUSBXE1gaF3jAeTrll4mzG8rRC0sg96k4NGZSMk7iV9s0H/s923/playlists.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="914" data-original-width="923" height="317" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtUBOq7qNdhG2KW2IYudUz7eGGz3s1LD3i1DM9IXQRARCPc0IxCyJfHt_gi4AQX58FGY6DMCCFfdKshPS6KSnEEb5hfBTqBOU8V1gZ0FS2vgMqAp4fiCyKTnQKaGxQjXCzjV341FJyxTJQ0LmUSBXE1gaF3jAeTrll4mzG8rRC0sg96k4NGZSMk7iV9s0H/s320/playlists.PNG" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Short and to the point</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCqzfu7Z6rhuvd8JVjvkbUJHvoM46hx8exLslb4Br-wjh697ZFwsWkhOEiDZg0WKGq-6mk6VtQ1-3yM0cYYeaI0EC7PZ86qiyUX8Hm-y9lDueeiBTjP5gB0Edthym-BOSLThIvo8vUVnR0JShf2eOrYxDCjEzJ1FEjlnHQSHGjh5hpIghXYsLzzYB9C_cI/s1661/channel-search.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="867" data-original-width="1661" height="167" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCqzfu7Z6rhuvd8JVjvkbUJHvoM46hx8exLslb4Br-wjh697ZFwsWkhOEiDZg0WKGq-6mk6VtQ1-3yM0cYYeaI0EC7PZ86qiyUX8Hm-y9lDueeiBTjP5gB0Edthym-BOSLThIvo8vUVnR0JShf2eOrYxDCjEzJ1FEjlnHQSHGjh5hpIghXYsLzzYB9C_cI/s320/channel-search.PNG" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Search for what you need.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>I am also going to add, from time-to-time, longer tutorial videos, like <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PpWXxKxcoUU" target="_blank">this one</a> on how to animate your Strava data. Maybe I'll even do the odd livestream, who knows?<div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/PpWXxKxcoUU" width="320" youtube-src-id="PpWXxKxcoUU"></iframe></div><br /><div><br /><div><br /><p><b>Got a suggestion for a video?</b> Use the form at the top of the page. Or, feel free to get in touch with me via Twitter, LinkedIn, the contact form on my website or by emailing me directly if you know my address.</p><p>If you suggest a video and I can fit the content in to a couple of minutes then there's a good chance I'll add it to the channel.</p><p>Thanks for stopping by :)</p><p><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhU1p-pXY1lY3O9kgEko6JG4ipVjKFX-GfHhlwbosR_OIq3W4B-WSa9uCTbkqls4vQTpe9ykEQHm6dl-hoHRp9D5P-5Zy_g0TaUjd-asn07F9XDXs7ps6GS6yfHRFkSqOeA-hhyKWiuAnADwJf-IA5RdvMpvc-2icM5KFYchKt876_bOOEBoxlGU5tq8VHK/s1444/udemy-30-june-2023.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="908" data-original-width="1444" height="201" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhU1p-pXY1lY3O9kgEko6JG4ipVjKFX-GfHhlwbosR_OIq3W4B-WSa9uCTbkqls4vQTpe9ykEQHm6dl-hoHRp9D5P-5Zy_g0TaUjd-asn07F9XDXs7ps6GS6yfHRFkSqOeA-hhyKWiuAnADwJf-IA5RdvMpvc-2icM5KFYchKt876_bOOEBoxlGU5tq8VHK/s320/udemy-30-june-2023.PNG" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Student, no money? Contact me for free Udemy course link :)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p><br /></p></div></div>Alasdair Raehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12959449302596057979noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6894643731791231365.post-33565808282488772662023-04-18T06:52:00.006-07:002023-04-19T02:20:21.000-07:00Intra-interstate populations<p>Another <a href="http://www.statsmapsnpix.com/2023/04/the-longest-line-part-2.html" target="_blank">road-themed</a> piece today, this time looking at US Interstates, and how many people live in between them. Why? Curiosity, plus it's a nice little data challenge using Census block population data from 2020. First off, let's start with the Beltway around Washington, D.C. - using 2020 Census data I get a total population of just under 2 million people (1,961,212), as you can see below.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhj7JlNGetGYrBLQLRJMmY3iClk77ffMUhLuJTBE1Oup4q_n5LJwbO3vv7PLGUsLweF4p6Aeucy7kQZ04Ldhge8mN2Uuj8t9yE5i5cVHEAgUHlRuTlLIWRCxudOS86jnvanYZuhvU-8XUB4c9An9jXIRcovitAIZHxaN8oBni9Zt9x71mhMoSXXVETzBw/s1574/beltway-population-2020.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1574" data-original-width="1574" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhj7JlNGetGYrBLQLRJMmY3iClk77ffMUhLuJTBE1Oup4q_n5LJwbO3vv7PLGUsLweF4p6Aeucy7kQZ04Ldhge8mN2Uuj8t9yE5i5cVHEAgUHlRuTlLIWRCxudOS86jnvanYZuhvU-8XUB4c9An9jXIRcovitAIZHxaN8oBni9Zt9x71mhMoSXXVETzBw/w400-h400/beltway-population-2020.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Web map of the whole US is <a href="https://alasdairrae.github.io/intrastates" target="_blank">here</a></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>This is what the <a href="https://alasdairrae.github.io/intrastates" target="_blank">web map</a> looks like.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWuzRHiAd7cmKka9bMlQfFBMVOlfPN-Zkr4EJLfA9ACAdmSIrNpXDGK0lUbUVjvVyWgYGo-h8fVwAuKRUusJcmi5QpsmAyNFxOM-_LQNZoxgHZlCNS9I8kgXqPMN9JF_b2KEsgNIm4wjh0vpm8y-9ucsM33Yd3zFzvqd4Z1yAWIcSCR4qx_5AospYD4g/s1384/webmap.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="766" data-original-width="1384" height="221" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWuzRHiAd7cmKka9bMlQfFBMVOlfPN-Zkr4EJLfA9ACAdmSIrNpXDGK0lUbUVjvVyWgYGo-h8fVwAuKRUusJcmi5QpsmAyNFxOM-_LQNZoxgHZlCNS9I8kgXqPMN9JF_b2KEsgNIm4wjh0vpm8y-9ucsM33Yd3zFzvqd4Z1yAWIcSCR4qx_5AospYD4g/w400-h221/webmap.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Click an area to get the population</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>I loaded up a <a href="https://www.maptiler.com/" target="_blank">MapTiler</a> streets backdrop layer in QGIS, created polygons from the the US national road network file from the Department of Transportation website (this required a lot of error checking/fixing) and then summed the population of all areas bounded by Interstates - including those in Hawaii, Alaska and Puerto Rico.</p><p><i>Some numbers to begin with:</i></p><ul><li>82 million people live entirely unbounded by Interstates (25% of the total - in the big red area in the map below).</li><li>10.4 million people live in the most populous 'bounded by Interstates' area.</li><li>The next most populous bounded area has 5.6 million people in it (it's in Florida, see below).</li><li>There are 83 'bounded by Interstates' areas with more than 1 million people.</li><li>I get 443 populated bounded areas plus one 'at large' area, unbounded by Interstates.</li><li>There are bounded areas in Alaska, Hawaii and Puerto Rico as well as in the lower 48 states - see the <a href="https://alasdairrae.github.io/intrastates/#5/37.504/-95.730" target="_blank">web map</a> for those.</li><li>A few areas have fewer than 100 people in them - a couple of these seem to be statistical quirks (e.g. mismatched boundaries) but many are real, including <a href="https://goo.gl/maps/8CQ3bpMJF1wZmqR39" target="_blank">this bounded triangle</a> in Chicago.</li></ul><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLNpHYdp9mF9-hejoIa7bM5YxL1y2PaRxi6xww1ZR5pMRMFuGkgOiQwADujDyDNN7yoaDHCJrXgJHeBfpdxnPvpiCQnzlkZsbeCAny1Od3YAzSQsMr-lqf81eBq1O3AWYsTB2l2qpUd-UuUFkgFlTlfPM2rkkrMISadWE9y0juUxlmTMQnRMPSN3PLiA/s1353/2-lower-48-messy.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="842" data-original-width="1353" height="249" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLNpHYdp9mF9-hejoIa7bM5YxL1y2PaRxi6xww1ZR5pMRMFuGkgOiQwADujDyDNN7yoaDHCJrXgJHeBfpdxnPvpiCQnzlkZsbeCAny1Od3YAzSQsMr-lqf81eBq1O3AWYsTB2l2qpUd-UuUFkgFlTlfPM2rkkrMISadWE9y0juUxlmTMQnRMPSN3PLiA/w400-h249/2-lower-48-messy.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Such vital research</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><h3 style="text-align: left;">Okay, show me the maps</h3><div>Here you go, some major metro maps below. You can <a href="https://alasdairrae.github.io/intrastates/#15/41.8726/-87.9161" target="_blank">zoom, pan, click as much as you want</a> on the web map, but here are zoomed maps for some of the largest metro areas across the United States. Sometimes with terrain, sometimes not.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY8jP07RHj1wJiq_64fBmd-PtZFlcXg_DEt4VUUU2iUejZr1ZU0ID4zP_M6Hj2dYBNpol4p-Tu0FWjBPacgREO7mO0hXiFGNcK7ztJXCBDam17kXvnWxf0K2pGYxLL1aNPshN7G5Z5OFT65BE6duBFpyFdCgqtuKP4UfHmUFa2UmDYegFzMhu3if6-Dg/s2362/1-los-angeles.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2362" data-original-width="2362" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY8jP07RHj1wJiq_64fBmd-PtZFlcXg_DEt4VUUU2iUejZr1ZU0ID4zP_M6Hj2dYBNpol4p-Tu0FWjBPacgREO7mO0hXiFGNcK7ztJXCBDam17kXvnWxf0K2pGYxLL1aNPshN7G5Z5OFT65BE6duBFpyFdCgqtuKP4UfHmUFa2UmDYegFzMhu3if6-Dg/w400-h400/1-los-angeles.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Los Angeles</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_pEE4mF7ym7j7QrliFp6_r3jtrY-j1cLM0AoGPt77zZQDuqfjx3N03XZQGfKooFcBYc8uTr48Firv396HFIxm41qg0EG7_hrBdcnNvTAaq5kC6Jo34BM7QV9BimuWMfK23QtfnRhgUsBzZ_DWrcIboTIqgxNylAiAffQAwOt9EOYLISFzQC9IAEdWOw/s2362/2-new-york.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2362" data-original-width="2362" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_pEE4mF7ym7j7QrliFp6_r3jtrY-j1cLM0AoGPt77zZQDuqfjx3N03XZQGfKooFcBYc8uTr48Firv396HFIxm41qg0EG7_hrBdcnNvTAaq5kC6Jo34BM7QV9BimuWMfK23QtfnRhgUsBzZ_DWrcIboTIqgxNylAiAffQAwOt9EOYLISFzQC9IAEdWOw/w400-h400/2-new-york.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">New York</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb1kznLlgbv8iux0bBoPJ0Su16G9eM1z-aBzuqxlB4OXv6z5pqrLg1OTj3wCh3fJ_Kc_litvB-MgBqQ-E10ybWHngKsGWk-AokxFGbGfh4fsz-Ev3ySYYUqIoTZyIU6xC3jJZ9vypMOM16Go_eEirNwvP91ExsWDyEcwR2TbHOHnHV6ROpMjXgsu6IeA/s2362/3-chicago.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2362" data-original-width="2362" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb1kznLlgbv8iux0bBoPJ0Su16G9eM1z-aBzuqxlB4OXv6z5pqrLg1OTj3wCh3fJ_Kc_litvB-MgBqQ-E10ybWHngKsGWk-AokxFGbGfh4fsz-Ev3ySYYUqIoTZyIU6xC3jJZ9vypMOM16Go_eEirNwvP91ExsWDyEcwR2TbHOHnHV6ROpMjXgsu6IeA/w400-h400/3-chicago.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Chicago</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgf9QdDCYmveMSmZ4ZABatSS1hJjxorOGNTSGt7ZlYTwwDR-9ZcoetJDGpMZ2C_Z9BfGxGce5p4jzitQNy5KOGa1YJtBLA2MyM6hS75WsAljl_PTTo69OY93q9lvKIkFlgpi5J4HPxzBRVLEl66JFxn4n2OMARwOg7x_iNPwTA0JWLmsSRzx-jgHCAqOQ/s2362/4-florida-big-area.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2362" data-original-width="2362" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgf9QdDCYmveMSmZ4ZABatSS1hJjxorOGNTSGt7ZlYTwwDR-9ZcoetJDGpMZ2C_Z9BfGxGce5p4jzitQNy5KOGa1YJtBLA2MyM6hS75WsAljl_PTTo69OY93q9lvKIkFlgpi5J4HPxzBRVLEl66JFxn4n2OMARwOg7x_iNPwTA0JWLmsSRzx-jgHCAqOQ/w400-h400/4-florida-big-area.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Central Florida (second highest intrastate population)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcAJh7JFG_6n5f8DC34Khr2Ca_uCkeG8pqwKRys_LIiR8Vkqmsv3hBwC69OBbjzyWMmmlBkeKexLD8uwh58kYTiPAVp2Xu4ZpzS5GNeC1KCCy9iAAa0J0FRzdi9i6ScXWnFVlVB2AhJC85G19jqwn1uVAHVCE0_6s4w7mIU9XCZN8CY1P_xppfCKuCFA/s2362/5-houston.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2362" data-original-width="2362" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcAJh7JFG_6n5f8DC34Khr2Ca_uCkeG8pqwKRys_LIiR8Vkqmsv3hBwC69OBbjzyWMmmlBkeKexLD8uwh58kYTiPAVp2Xu4ZpzS5GNeC1KCCy9iAAa0J0FRzdi9i6ScXWnFVlVB2AhJC85G19jqwn1uVAHVCE0_6s4w7mIU9XCZN8CY1P_xppfCKuCFA/w400-h400/5-houston.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Houston</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1auiv5fVvSWEB8n5ntPLV_EZtY6TykvBtLra5-fy7ZqJK8su-K4eq7nefboPWvFKDVUYCdQ-_-hFbN9l7IOrkvAJs0KnS-8uL44xscYIJNFMAXO0pxvA4xURcs3Z9FoNYb0kjPrJO7SY8u_Wlxv_6V6WYekl8gONBDoCWoegWdDV_j7NLI9xtJKnNJg/s1574/6-dallas-fw.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1574" data-original-width="1574" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1auiv5fVvSWEB8n5ntPLV_EZtY6TykvBtLra5-fy7ZqJK8su-K4eq7nefboPWvFKDVUYCdQ-_-hFbN9l7IOrkvAJs0KnS-8uL44xscYIJNFMAXO0pxvA4xURcs3Z9FoNYb0kjPrJO7SY8u_Wlxv_6V6WYekl8gONBDoCWoegWdDV_j7NLI9xtJKnNJg/w400-h400/6-dallas-fw.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dallas-Fort Worth</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6uI7KBuYwgLHLUBXfughRusldd4lzZ6W4yVbhtMM_9LBzkXM7NA5oGDWfYixIxccz2PkYpktXeDPwYsnAsmKzsa9Wwj_89D0CkYyvCwhll6kEulUdd1aEHTDH2BJ8wnG3ybBax1qSXvY0PC48tSGXBXalx4C9b-mzBTQazZSM3CKlNbWYEuvoCQPW2A/s1574/7-phila.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1574" data-original-width="1574" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6uI7KBuYwgLHLUBXfughRusldd4lzZ6W4yVbhtMM_9LBzkXM7NA5oGDWfYixIxccz2PkYpktXeDPwYsnAsmKzsa9Wwj_89D0CkYyvCwhll6kEulUdd1aEHTDH2BJ8wnG3ybBax1qSXvY0PC48tSGXBXalx4C9b-mzBTQazZSM3CKlNbWYEuvoCQPW2A/w400-h400/7-phila.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Philadelphia</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrDadQFQpXAZSfcuk2-sfsy1uG1HuzbtiI006hYRvZfQaI3_d6DUb2psGjrzHw6e8EHXaI0PjQo2FKbSQ48N7rAzt7Nj9Zx1ns6nENdVQ2FzA_oz4Q1EQuUsm6jchG1n9xY-TtKqOhaavoac2yTDQPz6xr2s8zALk-9H2sb0Jnmyz-lfWhrw1TajleMg/s1574/8-beltway-dc.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1574" data-original-width="1574" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrDadQFQpXAZSfcuk2-sfsy1uG1HuzbtiI006hYRvZfQaI3_d6DUb2psGjrzHw6e8EHXaI0PjQo2FKbSQ48N7rAzt7Nj9Zx1ns6nENdVQ2FzA_oz4Q1EQuUsm6jchG1n9xY-TtKqOhaavoac2yTDQPz6xr2s8zALk-9H2sb0Jnmyz-lfWhrw1TajleMg/w400-h400/8-beltway-dc.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Washington, D.C. (The Beltway)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKuIxcw8gn0spvxxRcLP7cVH48ESym24F4mMSUW-zxPOP3Kd9v5OcahXjrxwPK2GzwarvQs-jOfz3MC2kyjsLD8qks3ciDVor4Rf-yVuezoiwhQnX5pUKcCSMS8T_XhyzBSRkTXvfvXV8UNrmF4ZM7yudHO6LJkKpOny8sbqMT-hXxNCsrOsMAQhRExA/s944/9-atlanta2.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="944" data-original-width="944" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKuIxcw8gn0spvxxRcLP7cVH48ESym24F4mMSUW-zxPOP3Kd9v5OcahXjrxwPK2GzwarvQs-jOfz3MC2kyjsLD8qks3ciDVor4Rf-yVuezoiwhQnX5pUKcCSMS8T_XhyzBSRkTXvfvXV8UNrmF4ZM7yudHO6LJkKpOny8sbqMT-hXxNCsrOsMAQhRExA/w400-h400/9-atlanta2.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Atlanta</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUXMUiDa1hE91rlVTmeELap3XQVSxX8xCK3apYEzYVkra7gtVAFfEoS6CLcJ5D1b7hys4hCxxrY0tns0CCCYl3nuAH6CYgRRLUA63hmOOWOIZ2PQCz_ga7P1SzgAKVFGUjgZfxDtbA81v58oMSplIUWhfs6PXG5CISSf42aaF5g31IaWg4L-AiD-E2Bg/s1574/9-atlanta.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1574" data-original-width="1574" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUXMUiDa1hE91rlVTmeELap3XQVSxX8xCK3apYEzYVkra7gtVAFfEoS6CLcJ5D1b7hys4hCxxrY0tns0CCCYl3nuAH6CYgRRLUA63hmOOWOIZ2PQCz_ga7P1SzgAKVFGUjgZfxDtbA81v58oMSplIUWhfs6PXG5CISSf42aaF5g31IaWg4L-AiD-E2Bg/w400-h400/9-atlanta.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Another Atlanta (different resolution)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFcLXOYrcs7fEn8DO6vVJ2K7xCLwkUPGtCXmL6M4j78NnoZa-cGHD4-ioR9Vaic0YhqmaGd9SmHfaCg7xLMmmxISxKOmoYIWJrTojzBd3vhKxLrBS2z41OvMgzhjRWLuxzEHHx2Q4g8NPWas2UyO_HCs4T6vLq5CZFyv-d0MSUbC-N_SzbqAg_PQUFeg/s1181/10-boston.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1181" data-original-width="1181" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFcLXOYrcs7fEn8DO6vVJ2K7xCLwkUPGtCXmL6M4j78NnoZa-cGHD4-ioR9Vaic0YhqmaGd9SmHfaCg7xLMmmxISxKOmoYIWJrTojzBd3vhKxLrBS2z41OvMgzhjRWLuxzEHHx2Q4g8NPWas2UyO_HCs4T6vLq5CZFyv-d0MSUbC-N_SzbqAg_PQUFeg/w400-h400/10-boston.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Boston</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVbfsQA0eqCpUtmHB6pwZEQ4Rnw946Y5CmafB4LsbkBCFxeE0uBUGJgcrThPyhDyfcglHaGV3MKIA5lcjmP0mw9CM4SzcO-vwInt1xZ3hcy264MJaiXuLzpbwVTKpRmhxAlHz6nV1y06pUBppJ4bjoaODUypwWAzWxJC11lvTWyWzjRBbcCMlG5SuCUA/s2362/11-phoenix.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2362" data-original-width="2362" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVbfsQA0eqCpUtmHB6pwZEQ4Rnw946Y5CmafB4LsbkBCFxeE0uBUGJgcrThPyhDyfcglHaGV3MKIA5lcjmP0mw9CM4SzcO-vwInt1xZ3hcy264MJaiXuLzpbwVTKpRmhxAlHz6nV1y06pUBppJ4bjoaODUypwWAzWxJC11lvTWyWzjRBbcCMlG5SuCUA/w400-h400/11-phoenix.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The only bounded area of Phoenix</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpWispL1uANys3d9Ci87vTcN230yQK408yt8LLlhTYLvetjXOEvr0n3U_awdXcQCpjdI8EAK5pC7P8qQCiVGFkpMa9v91C1zxW7iXJaKX3FxwZfsmfhVSNIRFUWNsp0Ur7Bg5zQqoDYkwr27kw8xdErIOFNbeNkOsris9xsV2YKZeMOTnO3ounnmdcxg/s944/12-detroit.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="944" data-original-width="944" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpWispL1uANys3d9Ci87vTcN230yQK408yt8LLlhTYLvetjXOEvr0n3U_awdXcQCpjdI8EAK5pC7P8qQCiVGFkpMa9v91C1zxW7iXJaKX3FxwZfsmfhVSNIRFUWNsp0Ur7Bg5zQqoDYkwr27kw8xdErIOFNbeNkOsris9xsV2YKZeMOTnO3ounnmdcxg/w400-h400/12-detroit.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Detroit</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV2uQrgzBZ9EAG0-MUOTFRcGnM3ab6FGqiZEjw3BHs1_5eCjz8t12prek8DilP2RuwN7Rq1VZHuC0nHZB0TW1HR_BnHSKunBLf5FKPY-YkY6aqrVdhmbJBwjV4F3PBvmI4k1Jl0j1tuBJ7XbT9YqTOLcwYrH0-nHi5cCeJWFLFO32IW6UFAC88NS3lsg/s1181/13-seattle.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1181" data-original-width="1181" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV2uQrgzBZ9EAG0-MUOTFRcGnM3ab6FGqiZEjw3BHs1_5eCjz8t12prek8DilP2RuwN7Rq1VZHuC0nHZB0TW1HR_BnHSKunBLf5FKPY-YkY6aqrVdhmbJBwjV4F3PBvmI4k1Jl0j1tuBJ7XbT9YqTOLcwYrH0-nHi5cCeJWFLFO32IW6UFAC88NS3lsg/w400-h400/13-seattle.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Seattle</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQakkxAKqQyhI3mBwyLBp_kXjA8Gp1pR333E6EQY23v0pKjsVxbQHgeMHTf6n_Pic80EGkjCwcoNvMBdazqNG7Enqrg1Q3gK4xTp5jPADV71kSpzTNzMBNAcDDWvEdgIqZAczii6RBhtCG-PewRWxIp6OyoJDedQqJDzt1MBepjVoghpsOxjTE43KYoQ/s1181/14-sf-bay-area.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1181" data-original-width="1181" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQakkxAKqQyhI3mBwyLBp_kXjA8Gp1pR333E6EQY23v0pKjsVxbQHgeMHTf6n_Pic80EGkjCwcoNvMBdazqNG7Enqrg1Q3gK4xTp5jPADV71kSpzTNzMBNAcDDWvEdgIqZAczii6RBhtCG-PewRWxIp6OyoJDedQqJDzt1MBepjVoghpsOxjTE43KYoQ/w400-h400/14-sf-bay-area.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">San Francisco Bay Area</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi22-CH8fd5cXpndXvukA4AJXd8v-aE6tlKFLG17IfjpnjHtgEQvEmLzVf497jtNDFnHE7g8HDMGde5Zhoz9RhS0z8rZueBgEp6u1tG_YCoA8WJM1ZKKDZ3chxMgwAmPFIRU6THl2Eftgdp9aolg-TQKIFfNmwyyyd11BFGF0bOAlZGlM8hapqRrUVjEQ/s2362/15-san-diego.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2362" data-original-width="2362" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi22-CH8fd5cXpndXvukA4AJXd8v-aE6tlKFLG17IfjpnjHtgEQvEmLzVf497jtNDFnHE7g8HDMGde5Zhoz9RhS0z8rZueBgEp6u1tG_YCoA8WJM1ZKKDZ3chxMgwAmPFIRU6THl2Eftgdp9aolg-TQKIFfNmwyyyd11BFGF0bOAlZGlM8hapqRrUVjEQ/w400-h400/15-san-diego.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">San Diego</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSDxSK3URfkBaz6SzJFq2zOrXom4fuejJNY6QvOR6N4pMKrTS7QNv44bWmZbKNfoPp4kyZkjxXaIvlXdRnNsxT1dxJDydh8f-nwE6oNXiCfYS4tTrQRdWHaLMRJdQ3v-c1yd0rAMBMsQiF6war69qvEcLzAt3sWobcRnp8QlWyI2wkwt8dAt7sFYxWTw/s1181/16-minn-stp.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1181" data-original-width="1181" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSDxSK3URfkBaz6SzJFq2zOrXom4fuejJNY6QvOR6N4pMKrTS7QNv44bWmZbKNfoPp4kyZkjxXaIvlXdRnNsxT1dxJDydh8f-nwE6oNXiCfYS4tTrQRdWHaLMRJdQ3v-c1yd0rAMBMsQiF6war69qvEcLzAt3sWobcRnp8QlWyI2wkwt8dAt7sFYxWTw/w400-h400/16-minn-stp.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Minneapolis–Saint Paul</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3Y04ZalhBwYijS6DTpYgDg6jRMcfPtZA-yKPEaG9rR-0HYlHsfkwL3Z6ku1jTKZ_1SbrqaIPn3ijPuCptedGzCc6PSFTSERaW7ZvYZuCSKFOgzBdRt4W_JHlF08uJTMOdwaPMiDdANxO-jMpE9eCbFi8BgxMkQIXyX9xenSlfhKy5LJu69ltrsZ63xg/s1181/17-denver.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1181" data-original-width="1181" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3Y04ZalhBwYijS6DTpYgDg6jRMcfPtZA-yKPEaG9rR-0HYlHsfkwL3Z6ku1jTKZ_1SbrqaIPn3ijPuCptedGzCc6PSFTSERaW7ZvYZuCSKFOgzBdRt4W_JHlF08uJTMOdwaPMiDdANxO-jMpE9eCbFi8BgxMkQIXyX9xenSlfhKy5LJu69ltrsZ63xg/w400-h400/17-denver.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Denver</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0LECLajjdeZE6irjsg1GOho2V169K2gxPX-fjoRWrkSBRP8Sn1s07UawOZV-H-d1RT0BhEwjI3fBuvZG0qEGjD_Ml5cAF-WVQkMG0OoiVmKSe7J9FhiWfpJs-G1Rm0-KmPfxnsErTBCFBzXwQ8zVyQDPX1M_gBJmm-hIBcRAE-bRROP-N3TCgcEGr2Q/s1181/18-inland-empire.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1181" data-original-width="1181" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0LECLajjdeZE6irjsg1GOho2V169K2gxPX-fjoRWrkSBRP8Sn1s07UawOZV-H-d1RT0BhEwjI3fBuvZG0qEGjD_Ml5cAF-WVQkMG0OoiVmKSe7J9FhiWfpJs-G1Rm0-KmPfxnsErTBCFBzXwQ8zVyQDPX1M_gBJmm-hIBcRAE-bRROP-N3TCgcEGr2Q/w400-h400/18-inland-empire.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Inland Empire (CA)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJs2oWm6Bhd6DAr6mwGkUiJClIVm5i2uzv6VPIfOsMN2RZuO2KTKiMgLI0U05Cw8OpMfiLZ7IEJ1CPZtMUEHEOnU81urSV6BjuScr931-bLvIzSqyHIcCOeAi9F9wYih9I95hsbB2XjEi0aVtwHzAInYBTteZXTgPaTVOls2gH52WbUsso5t5Dwhqe6g/s1181/19-baltimore.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1181" data-original-width="1181" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJs2oWm6Bhd6DAr6mwGkUiJClIVm5i2uzv6VPIfOsMN2RZuO2KTKiMgLI0U05Cw8OpMfiLZ7IEJ1CPZtMUEHEOnU81urSV6BjuScr931-bLvIzSqyHIcCOeAi9F9wYih9I95hsbB2XjEi0aVtwHzAInYBTteZXTgPaTVOls2gH52WbUsso5t5Dwhqe6g/w400-h400/19-baltimore.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Baltimore</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKbc6KkPu3YDDu9k1CPb9b4kpeNc_UMuR1zwv7eIIXJS07BML1BnDpjioRSUoKEQ305B6dmH1PiiC56qsysrD6ad1uS3Jpx5hJbiI1BZ1KA1tyxhPmEQfPm_R1BYN7IaLjFYGdAj6D7B0J_pHJH8Dw9Sa9_FzwGVdQLLJ6eTEB-Ts8BpfUD0SN7hbc5A/s1181/20-st-louis.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1181" data-original-width="1181" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKbc6KkPu3YDDu9k1CPb9b4kpeNc_UMuR1zwv7eIIXJS07BML1BnDpjioRSUoKEQ305B6dmH1PiiC56qsysrD6ad1uS3Jpx5hJbiI1BZ1KA1tyxhPmEQfPm_R1BYN7IaLjFYGdAj6D7B0J_pHJH8Dw9Sa9_FzwGVdQLLJ6eTEB-Ts8BpfUD0SN7hbc5A/w400-h400/20-st-louis.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">St. Louis</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimYHoWpfqYZfyHcPwytvGFYvggn9EQpAz7stV1iVniH9kXmDdfgahMDD5T05pBgLDr88NfKxN7IzTjA8PpGrw2WhRWaWTpQyMtAV-ui1h3eezuHz16SGRC9_XV_85LwLlVJ21XTdee1Z1Q217DpewFN3lFOa2NRKP42pQCJ9PiBqCnw5iuzH0doVBQGg/s1181/21-las-vegas.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1181" data-original-width="1181" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimYHoWpfqYZfyHcPwytvGFYvggn9EQpAz7stV1iVniH9kXmDdfgahMDD5T05pBgLDr88NfKxN7IzTjA8PpGrw2WhRWaWTpQyMtAV-ui1h3eezuHz16SGRC9_XV_85LwLlVJ21XTdee1Z1Q217DpewFN3lFOa2NRKP42pQCJ9PiBqCnw5iuzH0doVBQGg/w400-h400/21-las-vegas.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Las Vegas</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUbydRm58_7zRieDNnnZqY7GSufElt-WC36BKss5B7HiB0_blTAtOpvYxEFoxIj2UtS5KRHk8dvcgzYeO6tx_cmN5RlhigwJd5a87KEb9FMG4HZS-70GwMHvDhoVKGOqrMXDHO441HJamRITWFQ_HLzDAVSVQBAFxUXP8irKYZD7wIV4HlcQ7ECq7xCg/s1181/22-portland.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1181" data-original-width="1181" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUbydRm58_7zRieDNnnZqY7GSufElt-WC36BKss5B7HiB0_blTAtOpvYxEFoxIj2UtS5KRHk8dvcgzYeO6tx_cmN5RlhigwJd5a87KEb9FMG4HZS-70GwMHvDhoVKGOqrMXDHO441HJamRITWFQ_HLzDAVSVQBAFxUXP8irKYZD7wIV4HlcQ7ECq7xCg/w400-h400/22-portland.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Portland</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBRFu4LASSdL1kt6hMPF-X4vVNLP8Wx8ujO5nu-Q49zMz0_oSqBwXFXze8UZvSnU2iwIOku8O8iTr8CtJ7xT208LflmfI2ZcNrPrYLjI9MoBESbvZa36A1kj3VLamL5VEQP2RB9BYpUbe6JZ1dn6j5ax90FlzqY3WTjqQtZUoanexoUUobYel_rhVKEg/s1181/23-cleveland.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1181" data-original-width="1181" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBRFu4LASSdL1kt6hMPF-X4vVNLP8Wx8ujO5nu-Q49zMz0_oSqBwXFXze8UZvSnU2iwIOku8O8iTr8CtJ7xT208LflmfI2ZcNrPrYLjI9MoBESbvZa36A1kj3VLamL5VEQP2RB9BYpUbe6JZ1dn6j5ax90FlzqY3WTjqQtZUoanexoUUobYel_rhVKEg/w400-h400/23-cleveland.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cleveland - so much boundedness!</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWFfd8_JLJ5MQAkR7DrCjcCrHwl3bk4uz7wKbYRocxfYNOpNEXWUr7dERXawLXgpQJb8EhOFH7wjFQ2P6jXrRVDStKYofh1bzDppR1x9SPP-ePWFxjgeKBve5fyTmFcPT2MSZdSnaDc2pmT8kksh64KR0VNg3aNyUzgqzO1uU_qsjf3QvJyhT-hYVR2Q/s1181/24-kansas-city.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1181" data-original-width="1181" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWFfd8_JLJ5MQAkR7DrCjcCrHwl3bk4uz7wKbYRocxfYNOpNEXWUr7dERXawLXgpQJb8EhOFH7wjFQ2P6jXrRVDStKYofh1bzDppR1x9SPP-ePWFxjgeKBve5fyTmFcPT2MSZdSnaDc2pmT8kksh64KR0VNg3aNyUzgqzO1uU_qsjf3QvJyhT-hYVR2Q/w400-h400/24-kansas-city.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Kansas City</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS9-FhHL0VgJ_1ac5hWnVJZOwRZFOeaR0WPDH_fU8RhqXTxqycF1uDJkjugux_gZoMOoWFuy7D9xuHA7Z2RGghjkNfibfFDiV6nKGaAHLNtMQLXefcfQClBK6HtRBkq5hx9L6pqE6Sfx3YbeG7h5ffqXHYfKnaE5Mk1wQeKFkGucyTbP3suC4yMiNW2w/s1181/25-san-antonio.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1181" data-original-width="1181" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS9-FhHL0VgJ_1ac5hWnVJZOwRZFOeaR0WPDH_fU8RhqXTxqycF1uDJkjugux_gZoMOoWFuy7D9xuHA7Z2RGghjkNfibfFDiV6nKGaAHLNtMQLXefcfQClBK6HtRBkq5hx9L6pqE6Sfx3YbeG7h5ffqXHYfKnaE5Mk1wQeKFkGucyTbP3suC4yMiNW2w/w400-h400/25-san-antonio.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">San Antonio</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSpHr4tj3_hBOsXLiov5bj_BZKL9ALK3nyz1jfxYDltMrOsTQk_qJFHKwRppjRF89WCt6Si-WxsyE3vF7aA6ubM7R9k5_J8dr4vZSW5bdOY2HIIpxtuxkolBD-5x12wAoV33iLsHFLa-iusYJyCFd46uzRZns7yf5ltqnhmYYCp-xDuhJtrPx9UeYoDw/s1181/26-salt-lake-city.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1181" data-original-width="1181" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSpHr4tj3_hBOsXLiov5bj_BZKL9ALK3nyz1jfxYDltMrOsTQk_qJFHKwRppjRF89WCt6Si-WxsyE3vF7aA6ubM7R9k5_J8dr4vZSW5bdOY2HIIpxtuxkolBD-5x12wAoV33iLsHFLa-iusYJyCFd46uzRZns7yf5ltqnhmYYCp-xDuhJtrPx9UeYoDw/w400-h400/26-salt-lake-city.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Salt Lake City</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkrtmMQhNophqYsVShcNhzBSdu-_syp9mqS3DxobsR6qtFS0-_TcEPVGLDiz8s7qlKArIuCG5mPIRvcQwq7N4wkRP6v9mh0fEIzClBFU3IP4r95pdNc9onU7g3Adrv3StNwF03R3udqKNz8MrJ5HtGKhhleS5tqujsNGk6YefeRKhsj4QwXKC9oZcTGA/s1181/27-pittsburgh.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1181" data-original-width="1181" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkrtmMQhNophqYsVShcNhzBSdu-_syp9mqS3DxobsR6qtFS0-_TcEPVGLDiz8s7qlKArIuCG5mPIRvcQwq7N4wkRP6v9mh0fEIzClBFU3IP4r95pdNc9onU7g3Adrv3StNwF03R3udqKNz8MrJ5HtGKhhleS5tqujsNGk6YefeRKhsj4QwXKC9oZcTGA/w400-h400/27-pittsburgh.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pittsburgh</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6cIAyct8fM2nA68wvsUZLPkpqnqcAMEPoHzETH03jZy58cNfazzYSNKGJBCgqFHgbfM1B9jOzgZ_n3t0KWW_Lpy09u_EE6bRITGZ9h8N8TNzyLIRCDjWMVXDXFMRb3WYWHK0pMdCHxAoeYxUj_3rH4La-PCqybEJvBvO8DLt8x58MI6VJ1mKW3Zpyrg/s1181/28-norfolk.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1181" data-original-width="1181" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6cIAyct8fM2nA68wvsUZLPkpqnqcAMEPoHzETH03jZy58cNfazzYSNKGJBCgqFHgbfM1B9jOzgZ_n3t0KWW_Lpy09u_EE6bRITGZ9h8N8TNzyLIRCDjWMVXDXFMRb3WYWHK0pMdCHxAoeYxUj_3rH4La-PCqybEJvBvO8DLt8x58MI6VJ1mKW3Zpyrg/w400-h400/28-norfolk.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Norfolk</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVIoxNnFFK9PCD_nYdiyqskeQBeweZjZc7Od0ej6OKqZBzzxj60mc1DKJrsdqrjyvtGcGEGZpg2nJLqAzZGYBT_aM8RBVBPxfe8qZJule-PyF0J9Ez7zpu9--9gDEV_S9sw62AFtNte2e05T4RPBWFFkkqMU4eKDfBfTRHv4Qkoyr0l2rKPSDatLmESQ/s1181/29-indianapolis.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1181" data-original-width="1181" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVIoxNnFFK9PCD_nYdiyqskeQBeweZjZc7Od0ej6OKqZBzzxj60mc1DKJrsdqrjyvtGcGEGZpg2nJLqAzZGYBT_aM8RBVBPxfe8qZJule-PyF0J9Ez7zpu9--9gDEV_S9sw62AFtNte2e05T4RPBWFFkkqMU4eKDfBfTRHv4Qkoyr0l2rKPSDatLmESQ/w400-h400/29-indianapolis.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Indianapolis</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEietFm4biISoFmAS6_gW7DaJJlm4teqO6cGL77F2DfU8pzzX-6lL2slCPg89c_g6VDbdhRXQM1c3JaXjQ-1wKRq4Ise_rsS3uxUhjPusOHKb-tUQJ0GjBHtR_j_93EeKN_bUI4d5BAQELD7VyISock6Ke7lV8zTPH57rPw9PZ6Kz2_3kU6Ho4LElvum3Q/s1181/30-nashville.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1181" data-original-width="1181" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEietFm4biISoFmAS6_gW7DaJJlm4teqO6cGL77F2DfU8pzzX-6lL2slCPg89c_g6VDbdhRXQM1c3JaXjQ-1wKRq4Ise_rsS3uxUhjPusOHKb-tUQJ0GjBHtR_j_93EeKN_bUI4d5BAQELD7VyISock6Ke7lV8zTPH57rPw9PZ6Kz2_3kU6Ho4LElvum3Q/w400-h400/30-nashville.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Nashville</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b>Where are the furthest places from an Interstate in the lower 48?</b></h3><div>This question has been asked many times before and you can find <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-10-11/how-far-can-you-live-from-an-interstate-highway" target="_blank">answers</a> online, but basically 160 miles and higher and you're about as far as you can get. See below for a little map I made of this. </div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaWnEoLwH3tGLt6VDP4J_nQ5C-7qGpGJt3iqj5VztjVSbbjPXwSV6d-0SxYqQkluuVxyzyShTdjQWJD50APDnGz_srHSfpWqWvq2itbMLz2kImkk3-OK4LEaJ0iAIDOTPES55pV1nSSxgpUWFR8J5OZa2oOZrIHFJnpMv-mh14QnPYlUF_eJiN7X55fA/s2088/furthest-from-interstate.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1289" data-original-width="2088" height="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaWnEoLwH3tGLt6VDP4J_nQ5C-7qGpGJt3iqj5VztjVSbbjPXwSV6d-0SxYqQkluuVxyzyShTdjQWJD50APDnGz_srHSfpWqWvq2itbMLz2kImkk3-OK4LEaJ0iAIDOTPES55pV1nSSxgpUWFR8J5OZa2oOZrIHFJnpMv-mh14QnPYlUF_eJiN7X55fA/w400-h248/furthest-from-interstate.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Furthest from an Interstate</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b>How about those tiny areas bounded by Interstates?</b></h3><div>These are pretty interesting and if I had a file that included every loop of an Interstate on/off ramp then I could have done more here but as it is I had to work with what I had and I found 16 small, bounded-by-Interstates areas across the United States, including two in Alaska. Most of these seem to be correct so I've added them below, with a note where it seems to be caused by a mismatch between Census block boundaries and Interstate line locations. Usually they line up but in a few cases they don't so the population gets assigned to the wrong block - but this is very rare.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRj--Ybt2UpgQuyySWlROM6aubkvdsk9Lm-KNxQND3QeYtQZ_8en-zEmO9WLZjsoqpOnQeLLv4wHz0vquDNLqcbSp7Gcmbv3f4XugVQwi4A4CTyzK4S2kFM2wvl10d9YYut8XT1bou7j1JxNQv9WOb-sjxO-wczHOlFjVEWkdpA3GHgqwynPyHDBOz6g/s1403/1_population_737.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="992" data-original-width="1403" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRj--Ybt2UpgQuyySWlROM6aubkvdsk9Lm-KNxQND3QeYtQZ_8en-zEmO9WLZjsoqpOnQeLLv4wHz0vquDNLqcbSp7Gcmbv3f4XugVQwi4A4CTyzK4S2kFM2wvl10d9YYut8XT1bou7j1JxNQv9WOb-sjxO-wczHOlFjVEWkdpA3GHgqwynPyHDBOz6g/w400-h283/1_population_737.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Somewhat hemmed in</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipiRG970RcPmS5vF8zTmQGzTZcUSziLvbXqIswliKze3eh7s9GRXDgKzhkKqeA_KCOKqzYhIqr8lmRzk_bzQnHW3-zskIFCm7lJc3OSGqnS4vS8cK8_vv6NnzoYQSbfg0feGJJ0AFTwvp1Q5QBS1V-NwQAQvtrPgS1ByxEZBkxI4K8BAmp_2G4gx4nHQ/s1403/2_population_712.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="992" data-original-width="1403" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipiRG970RcPmS5vF8zTmQGzTZcUSziLvbXqIswliKze3eh7s9GRXDgKzhkKqeA_KCOKqzYhIqr8lmRzk_bzQnHW3-zskIFCm7lJc3OSGqnS4vS8cK8_vv6NnzoYQSbfg0feGJJ0AFTwvp1Q5QBS1V-NwQAQvtrPgS1ByxEZBkxI4K8BAmp_2G4gx4nHQ/w400-h283/2_population_712.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Actually pretty leafy here</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgwILqaSLLBJUXHFF-0dcmF8fGLpDgQds6thqeowVgFARi2BttMkTKzuUBXc1Eq1kgz99AVG6mkbCJ3ij30n3mOFtPSe2-MDrCFAcMY0q68UVX0AlR3kNpFXOeZFGM-sVCd6H9QtRmlZiQgqz24Y9RcEn43jPIdfctF_XUmAfkX1fZTP8gF0hnBNuFLg/s1403/3_population_710.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="992" data-original-width="1403" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgwILqaSLLBJUXHFF-0dcmF8fGLpDgQds6thqeowVgFARi2BttMkTKzuUBXc1Eq1kgz99AVG6mkbCJ3ij30n3mOFtPSe2-MDrCFAcMY0q68UVX0AlR3kNpFXOeZFGM-sVCd6H9QtRmlZiQgqz24Y9RcEn43jPIdfctF_XUmAfkX1fZTP8gF0hnBNuFLg/w400-h283/3_population_710.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Also pretty leafy here too</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3hpnj265-vBSexNXus28n5BfeUHbuw0SRVYZLmm0K013OJLXIQQui8FI259_N2O0XPQLiWd87H38cHWi8h5zApHqCVlmOlP-oJxUfNe9dRcDFL7TaH-7WhJJMfKhYmYs2Rbf-J_2n3xVP4asDx2mWEBE_57c11qjqOCN-5-KswYDeASEGbRl7YaAw_w/s1403/4_population_442.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="992" data-original-width="1403" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3hpnj265-vBSexNXus28n5BfeUHbuw0SRVYZLmm0K013OJLXIQQui8FI259_N2O0XPQLiWd87H38cHWi8h5zApHqCVlmOlP-oJxUfNe9dRcDFL7TaH-7WhJJMfKhYmYs2Rbf-J_2n3xVP4asDx2mWEBE_57c11qjqOCN-5-KswYDeASEGbRl7YaAw_w/w400-h283/4_population_442.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Downtown apartments in St. Louis?</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHfwM_fuLj2jxZMOPiba1Cmztg_3DC4VudpXzqm0SlRRsfW3sUVS2efODYJlvLcSbxpyz4KfPWsJlwL7FDeX0prl4DDuhvfYaIG9PwKTO-K0fjTtuxC8e5vNfnaDVBv_lhkhvHXyjqibkTLnD_Zo0QXoIIG-vJ1vIiQo141-r-o6MZfXbH-6qvORqibA/s1403/5_population_371.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="992" data-original-width="1403" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHfwM_fuLj2jxZMOPiba1Cmztg_3DC4VudpXzqm0SlRRsfW3sUVS2efODYJlvLcSbxpyz4KfPWsJlwL7FDeX0prl4DDuhvfYaIG9PwKTO-K0fjTtuxC8e5vNfnaDVBv_lhkhvHXyjqibkTLnD_Zo0QXoIIG-vJ1vIiQo141-r-o6MZfXbH-6qvORqibA/w400-h283/5_population_371.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Anchorage</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg091sNW5Z9XzvP8RYxfFBRJWVvHeaC9fA0qWHnK90ukRIuR8ECxiMeSot95Gv6cHnufbbag-esaH9Cgh1zbrK0y0kpLm-MzZd3xkYyyCllhN8rcBgTJpYfvPMZ90tRne51Bps_E8Qp38S4GrhS5naAZjFOQ6-f0596LyJ2fsbgohmT9mSLbNLakfwvHA/s1403/6_population_291.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="992" data-original-width="1403" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg091sNW5Z9XzvP8RYxfFBRJWVvHeaC9fA0qWHnK90ukRIuR8ECxiMeSot95Gv6cHnufbbag-esaH9Cgh1zbrK0y0kpLm-MzZd3xkYyyCllhN8rcBgTJpYfvPMZ90tRne51Bps_E8Qp38S4GrhS5naAZjFOQ6-f0596LyJ2fsbgohmT9mSLbNLakfwvHA/w400-h283/6_population_291.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">West Bottom Flats, etc</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4jbcL1ne1x_1p6pQZG8_pJKoZb7OuHq7lgJn44y8gCX5TKqudEUbpJMexqI6kKJkWfFjItiMTZdboaJrG8Vh3D2nF0JzxYP02wrygaOolvV0iYTFiieGt0AlXYMzbhdwZ_GIv_pYzQdT-nMiJu8nUC4WTSEe3LPrPn9yebfKn05gO8k64eDOebmhTZQ/s1403/7_population_223.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="992" data-original-width="1403" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4jbcL1ne1x_1p6pQZG8_pJKoZb7OuHq7lgJn44y8gCX5TKqudEUbpJMexqI6kKJkWfFjItiMTZdboaJrG8Vh3D2nF0JzxYP02wrygaOolvV0iYTFiieGt0AlXYMzbhdwZ_GIv_pYzQdT-nMiJu8nUC4WTSEe3LPrPn9yebfKn05gO8k64eDOebmhTZQ/w400-h283/7_population_223.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">This one's mostly empty space</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhejU9TmoeBTh9tICMpEdgBvIrlx7J_TY9YI8-10p7YcquykgRUZs9CcOrAAS9nbZLKDKkPZlfHVt8n-et4SCjAoudn8X_A3If8xsbu8877UmuaXlzlSz_xqW2lta_ow8sm54iBjM2UoA_4rHlsktlAjwPpHqVBMjcUOp0lnTnBh3cOLXKgIXAnZn4Y0g/s1403/8_population_221.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="992" data-original-width="1403" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhejU9TmoeBTh9tICMpEdgBvIrlx7J_TY9YI8-10p7YcquykgRUZs9CcOrAAS9nbZLKDKkPZlfHVt8n-et4SCjAoudn8X_A3If8xsbu8877UmuaXlzlSz_xqW2lta_ow8sm54iBjM2UoA_4rHlsktlAjwPpHqVBMjcUOp0lnTnBh3cOLXKgIXAnZn4Y0g/w400-h283/8_population_221.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fairly unexciting here</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijESO_V_sPJzUsNQkk5YGrdeq91T0Bub_sVZWPBqHBRjDxgcdrfnl12Zmc9NBYoOUn4ibyFyDV0ipqDSiXAZlT8QfRZ18DEBB3ipHdDUwVAKUzntmB-lRIi47maXcm0KkYFx7Lq4sh0X0xr3iHrA0ZXRIFMcRQilTR4_5B14vuxKbJ-q9NzNMmqruTMA/s1403/9_population_68.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="992" data-original-width="1403" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijESO_V_sPJzUsNQkk5YGrdeq91T0Bub_sVZWPBqHBRjDxgcdrfnl12Zmc9NBYoOUn4ibyFyDV0ipqDSiXAZlT8QfRZ18DEBB3ipHdDUwVAKUzntmB-lRIi47maXcm0KkYFx7Lq4sh0X0xr3iHrA0ZXRIFMcRQilTR4_5B14vuxKbJ-q9NzNMmqruTMA/w400-h283/9_population_68.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A very interesting little chunk of space (<a href="https://goo.gl/maps/trU1DdXnUKjPbg2E9" target="_blank">street view</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhw_VusEFO1RUdvQ8f0BkorekbM9jCs9hc62kgoMWLqO0pN4c3BmQhi4CaA9E9ZI57NLnWWgZaqK0tih22I06G33oNagFUKsF9w4niGN4i-F6ZZnGLLT9CJy2w8ISjV8D2-9ytKLzK5QhHlOeBGP9PqyPZ2LU7pLfbXDhS8LKkoIuGlOus2H_5jpZUYtA/s1403/10_population_58.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="992" data-original-width="1403" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhw_VusEFO1RUdvQ8f0BkorekbM9jCs9hc62kgoMWLqO0pN4c3BmQhi4CaA9E9ZI57NLnWWgZaqK0tih22I06G33oNagFUKsF9w4niGN4i-F6ZZnGLLT9CJy2w8ISjV8D2-9ytKLzK5QhHlOeBGP9PqyPZ2LU7pLfbXDhS8LKkoIuGlOus2H_5jpZUYtA/w400-h283/10_population_58.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Another Anchorage, AK one</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirhd1P8WT5M_V1xVQZEDy9RDRBAVH2za4CRb7GSZwYyCxEtNDX2w5qR8eavtttUpAU0z_cD-HAT4YozF2C0NU8_cy4APkSwUmX29QxmaeJpz2V1-70SXFrhswbHpNaPeP4raeXUWO30uO7NO8m9AcY3vPxq1UZzNuoWUmUNm4eMf8gOXSIN4839n4TCQ/s1403/11_population_46.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="992" data-original-width="1403" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirhd1P8WT5M_V1xVQZEDy9RDRBAVH2za4CRb7GSZwYyCxEtNDX2w5qR8eavtttUpAU0z_cD-HAT4YozF2C0NU8_cy4APkSwUmX29QxmaeJpz2V1-70SXFrhswbHpNaPeP4raeXUWO30uO7NO8m9AcY3vPxq1UZzNuoWUmUNm4eMf8gOXSIN4839n4TCQ/w400-h283/11_population_46.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The oldest/fuzziest <a href="https://goo.gl/maps/M8tcAWkMJSjc37SJ7" target="_blank">street view imagery</a> in the US?</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSdsXkQ4Y5UwED-eIa_GJ0LO6_pBGCPk88dCv7SImEDtYEgRB3nKOg0OX8J_Bt6b9xj9K8Mn_JgCWXxrbX2l-P1YhfXV7So7PawC8CGM_yVdNp54uEGDX9-svD4VEqPgIOLtJMcsZgYo_9wdAiGyxAAiABr7lngln8uI_jqNre2LhaX8hCC9Lus08Rgg/s1403/12_population_35.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="992" data-original-width="1403" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSdsXkQ4Y5UwED-eIa_GJ0LO6_pBGCPk88dCv7SImEDtYEgRB3nKOg0OX8J_Bt6b9xj9K8Mn_JgCWXxrbX2l-P1YhfXV7So7PawC8CGM_yVdNp54uEGDX9-svD4VEqPgIOLtJMcsZgYo_9wdAiGyxAAiABr7lngln8uI_jqNre2LhaX8hCC9Lus08Rgg/w400-h283/12_population_35.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">People definitely <a href="https://goo.gl/maps/j9zxTetjfjdzXAZH7" target="_blank">live here</a>, but not many</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjR0jvLo_XHDa6NgIvRtmZgCrwC4jdE61a6dDfOcpfykEopvs7yNKBjMp1r8-kXEKyEpZxc-IGXiqKweNHSUD92xPaA96ziPNUuZXa42P5-eq2YSF1dgQnYiEoA0x_BilxVOOZAYPBn6UPlvn18an59wQ3WTJCqHFQWToWMCE1DObanCy8dIu-5DuAf_g/s1403/13_population_23.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="992" data-original-width="1403" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjR0jvLo_XHDa6NgIvRtmZgCrwC4jdE61a6dDfOcpfykEopvs7yNKBjMp1r8-kXEKyEpZxc-IGXiqKweNHSUD92xPaA96ziPNUuZXa42P5-eq2YSF1dgQnYiEoA0x_BilxVOOZAYPBn6UPlvn18an59wQ3WTJCqHFQWToWMCE1DObanCy8dIu-5DuAf_g/w400-h283/13_population_23.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Yeah, this is just an anomaly</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQiVPZAJYfxvCS463M0Lk4wWyBdNTdC2a3iPjOndKbhwUpUMhUl8yo9b-Bm8dYuXQmHXPJUTxXf5K7fQGiWdUQFMFT4PYG5fIXBNeMb5y5EBSxTMVghehpYlPpyo2lp4-_1RAdYDE2HguPULIZ-HzlZVl6NXy4AUlN5PYLDSlupviZaanohot2lIfKWA/s1403/14_population_21.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="992" data-original-width="1403" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQiVPZAJYfxvCS463M0Lk4wWyBdNTdC2a3iPjOndKbhwUpUMhUl8yo9b-Bm8dYuXQmHXPJUTxXf5K7fQGiWdUQFMFT4PYG5fIXBNeMb5y5EBSxTMVghehpYlPpyo2lp4-_1RAdYDE2HguPULIZ-HzlZVl6NXy4AUlN5PYLDSlupviZaanohot2lIfKWA/w400-h283/14_population_21.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Another weird anomaly</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisd7bl-JdwFystXfDgAK7_qtEYwswq8saA_EiFOhbzDF1pDNLmemIFbiG71ejgqCnYxg-R7vb8RsxU96VFn9q2iv7rGlgYiGynj8-w4EOTmGbt2mGRPjCo-ZaclZzW-VjyHQYU1gJjCe2nUQstjfvqPyI0BpKIC79vQwZ8mxC5CBoVAvma_dnMIXp2dg/s1403/15_population_18.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="992" data-original-width="1403" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisd7bl-JdwFystXfDgAK7_qtEYwswq8saA_EiFOhbzDF1pDNLmemIFbiG71ejgqCnYxg-R7vb8RsxU96VFn9q2iv7rGlgYiGynj8-w4EOTmGbt2mGRPjCo-ZaclZzW-VjyHQYU1gJjCe2nUQstjfvqPyI0BpKIC79vQwZ8mxC5CBoVAvma_dnMIXp2dg/w400-h283/15_population_18.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">I think it's just trucks and truckers <a href="https://goo.gl/maps/Bjvm6o42TwxwArnh8" target="_blank">here</a></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiizjiSHw5l7spQScRQZpnpBiLcEHOu1rBAdtjeSFXYswskPx-IJQhOWNEh8DIMdqFJTGrjCpfMPJsrnqBIs0QM7avo9xHfQdzxEHD623TqUPKb-oMasoFWx87OjxLV0K6PkR_0R1ubqkBFdrLOsYwqH6yvyXTKEXwL4zepIP7zP7nehFqLPmG5Wye9BQ/s1403/16_population_12.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="992" data-original-width="1403" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiizjiSHw5l7spQScRQZpnpBiLcEHOu1rBAdtjeSFXYswskPx-IJQhOWNEh8DIMdqFJTGrjCpfMPJsrnqBIs0QM7avo9xHfQdzxEHD623TqUPKb-oMasoFWx87OjxLV0K6PkR_0R1ubqkBFdrLOsYwqH6yvyXTKEXwL4zepIP7zP7nehFqLPmG5Wye9BQ/w400-h283/16_population_12.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Yeah, no. But two Census blocks fit perfectly in <a href="https://goo.gl/maps/PtD1jT2iDJRnUuK97" target="_blank">here</a>, so hmm</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b>Notes:</b> like I said above, this was just a bit of map/data fun, in keeping with what I do here on my blog. But of course I also find it interesting from an urban planning and transportation point of view, particularly the small areas tightly bounded by Interstates. Sometimes Census blocks don't align perfectly with Interstates so in some cases you get tiny areas that seem like they have small populations but this isn't the case. But there are very few of these. There is one area where it looks like a truck stop area with a population of 18. I'm not sure if that's because there were 18 truckers sleeping there on Census data 2020. The <a href="https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/programs-surveys/decennial/2020-census/2020-Census-Residence-Criteria.pdf" target="_blank">guidance</a> from the US Census Bureau specifically mentions truckers and says that they should use their usual residential location as their address, so who knows. <a href="https://goo.gl/maps/PtD1jT2iDJRnUuK97" target="_blank">The one above</a>, apparently with 12 people in it, is two Census blocks and the data from the US Census Bureau says there are 12 people there, so not sure what's going on. I even went back and checked <a href="https://data.census.gov/table?g=040XX00US51_1000000US517600102021011&y=2020&d=DEC+Redistricting+Data+(PL+94-171)&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P1" target="_blank">the raw data</a> again, but it definitely says population in 2020 was 12. </div>Alasdair Raehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12959449302596057979noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6894643731791231365.post-37932616251667848502023-04-10T04:09:00.008-07:002023-04-10T14:05:27.052-07:00The longest line (part 2)<p>In my last blog piece <a href="http://www.statsmapsnpix.com/2023/04/the-longest-straight-line-in-great.html" target="_blank">I wrote about</a> my attempt to find a longer straight line in Great Britain that doesn't cross a public road than the one identified by Ordnance Survey in <a href="https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/blog/gbs-longest-linear-walk-without-crossing-a-road#:~:text=The%20straight%20line%20is%2029.874,A686%20and%20leads%20to%20Leadgate." target="_blank">their 2019 blog</a>. I did this using their <a href="https://beta.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/products/os-open-roads#get" target="_blank">OS Open Roads</a> dataset, and I excluded public roads because that's what I think makes most sense. I found a longer line in a different area, though I definitely wouldn't recommend trying to walk it but I <i>would </i>recommend watching <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=64wZHZSxCZM" target="_blank">this video</a>. I wasn't quite satisfied that my previous line was the definitive single longest line possible so I spent a bit more time on it and now I'm back to report my results. All of this was done in QGIS, using open data from Ordnance Survey - and just a bit of curiosity. The original OS piece was in response to a question on Twitter but I also found it very interesting from a methods point of view. And now here's a map of the single longest straight line I think you can possibly find between roads in Great Britain. I'll say a bit more about the method below, for the nerds. Here's <a href="https://automaticknowledge.org/longestline2" target="_blank">the web map</a> of the new longest line. And here's <a href="https://www.outdooraccess-scotland.scot/" target="_blank">the Scottish Outdoor Access Code</a>.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjr9GtOk8e9_KH8r4DpJfMUxcC1tr1_nJ4FO-CYnDq6XOchDBggqxrWvtRXITGudCmhdA3ergYdGyB1qTiqjDkhETzXeF7rWoXM_5EFH0LjNHq_-Dqw_Hepid552oGtHTthKfZWVnw_wBlPkgbOHEPq8RQsf9TsIUUZ-df0uBxABkKbop4UrAEduz4URg/s1200/566.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1200" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjr9GtOk8e9_KH8r4DpJfMUxcC1tr1_nJ4FO-CYnDq6XOchDBggqxrWvtRXITGudCmhdA3ergYdGyB1qTiqjDkhETzXeF7rWoXM_5EFH0LjNHq_-Dqw_Hepid552oGtHTthKfZWVnw_wBlPkgbOHEPq8RQsf9TsIUUZ-df0uBxABkKbop4UrAEduz4URg/w400-h400/566.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">What I now believe is the definitive 'longest line'</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p><i>Was I wrong at first? </i>Well, no, in the sense that I was still correct in stating that I'd found a longer line - in a different area - than the original OS line, but I didn't quite find the single longest line possible. The line I have found is roughly in the same location though and this is all just a mix of curiosity, mathematical geometry and fun so there's no big issue here. Look for <i>longest-line-new</i> in <a href="https://automaticknowledge.org/training/bonusdata/" target="_blank">this folder</a> (gpkg, shp and geojson formats) if you want to load up the line in your GIS software.</p><p>But I would <i>strongly </i>suggest that if anyone wants to walk this route they should be extremely careful and only attempt in good weather, and if they are very experienced in Highland terrain (e.g. thigh-deep heather, nasty, tussocky, holey land, murderous midgies, etc). I know myself how hard it can be to walk over this terrain and how much pain it can cause. Many difficult walks over the years have proven this, including a particularly bad decision in Knoydart a few years ago where it took us about an hour to walk 500 metres over what looked like flat ground!</p><p>In doing all this I also found a much longer line in England than the one identified in the original OS piece - over 35km vs 29km. This was the case even if I used the file that has the restricted roads in it. I also found a longer one for Wales too but in both these cases there is no right to roam so I don't want to encourage trespassing.</p><p>You can read about the method below, but here are a few images from my map adventures.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8PyK0Ef6nARR8C8JnMlef5rwa74IsKDwbx9VZk-IWG9c5H4bKYIjg_oW4uM5aLo0wVYBgLPkTAKa19tQ0PyD97NOfORBKWI3OIwjWZfITDYrkrVmP_Wp_8q3nhO-uwrYxUE8G78fALIY27ImYCtuTxrtrPhhBYxI86XXXkVKXkDkK4qkvo4ntvaWGgQ/s756/method1.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="756" data-original-width="602" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8PyK0Ef6nARR8C8JnMlef5rwa74IsKDwbx9VZk-IWG9c5H4bKYIjg_oW4uM5aLo0wVYBgLPkTAKa19tQ0PyD97NOfORBKWI3OIwjWZfITDYrkrVmP_Wp_8q3nhO-uwrYxUE8G78fALIY27ImYCtuTxrtrPhhBYxI86XXXkVKXkDkK4qkvo4ntvaWGgQ/w319-h400/method1.PNG" width="319" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">All areas > 100 sq km between roads</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9drDR22EV9OAv4jskiECyvMAnqJ8HztXOY57Uh5aQ9NpLRsCwqlcVOPD1Ee8R3rpKAgaVNEea7lk45c-llnj-12hyHvFsGgsjINdPwJVs2vlJY-T72lEtqiDrqGoWaFUbtzCncS_r0bDvPRqylKKHyyxb0_zvEEX_4bSbVNDmgFYRGISg23oDPYVx_w/s870/method2.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="734" data-original-width="870" height="338" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9drDR22EV9OAv4jskiECyvMAnqJ8HztXOY57Uh5aQ9NpLRsCwqlcVOPD1Ee8R3rpKAgaVNEea7lk45c-llnj-12hyHvFsGgsjINdPwJVs2vlJY-T72lEtqiDrqGoWaFUbtzCncS_r0bDvPRqylKKHyyxb0_zvEEX_4bSbVNDmgFYRGISg23oDPYVx_w/w400-h338/method2.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Generating sets of 'longest line' candidates</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4fScjPhzKQbJFn6ECV7wYQNLEqG81zm0e60wOUfZYUUjpX64v9m2bLaRbUjlK78wmLRL5LkU5NkFikIH0QFhSgVrFCYf-vLcZRBNe5HtTKta350p73oTXL7CrQMaw0JVN9-yboB7ercxn4wEzVbuR-eKa8yIFXFqR-Lt3R71avXr2wcFUW6Cn9zWZHA/s712/method3.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="712" data-original-width="684" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4fScjPhzKQbJFn6ECV7wYQNLEqG81zm0e60wOUfZYUUjpX64v9m2bLaRbUjlK78wmLRL5LkU5NkFikIH0QFhSgVrFCYf-vLcZRBNe5HtTKta350p73oTXL7CrQMaw0JVN9-yboB7ercxn4wEzVbuR-eKa8yIFXFqR-Lt3R71avXr2wcFUW6Cn9zWZHA/w384-h400/method3.png" width="384" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">I got to about 35km straight line in England</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnVTxraiqu7IrmtZ-m0w6NMhU80PJJXTML9E8UyvHM8TfaSX7T3ax9DMLjPyXFa4Kca3cXv7TxQ4uaaqQA09ApP10Jzgo9ARA_CWCkqOgbDotkQOGHfetljb2mzS2SrFefqPOfm8vRBYl-QWgDmM1ci8RDUKBxrB8SbBaLfUwy1f3JJQHFq_NgQ82zKg/s912/method4.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="747" data-original-width="912" height="328" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnVTxraiqu7IrmtZ-m0w6NMhU80PJJXTML9E8UyvHM8TfaSX7T3ax9DMLjPyXFa4Kca3cXv7TxQ4uaaqQA09ApP10Jzgo9ARA_CWCkqOgbDotkQOGHfetljb2mzS2SrFefqPOfm8vRBYl-QWgDmM1ci8RDUKBxrB8SbBaLfUwy1f3JJQHFq_NgQ82zKg/w400-h328/method4.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Yes, I got carried away with myself again</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>What about the distance over terrain? Well, that's important so I did the same as last time. I took the longest line, plonked it on top of the OS Terrain 50 digital elevation model and then generated a distance for the line. Obviously if I had even more accurate terrain data (Terrain 5 for example) then the distance would be a bit more.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEcDpPAxUNSOtohy2b02q39k3A555MvrbtB4e0ELoyqE6YS-ss5rpsCVHPp6KUVYkdZfwFvkTBuVHGIAZ-igghL8jO83koJ9jSCV6dZ3MvgW3MN4Gct9Jj-7lpUbrKAOPqMoUgR5IoiCI5RlvYV26Iytue67Zqia3Y2N8zk8uvRRz9BD2AOBJtyVlkCQ/s1771/longest-line-new-terrain.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1771" data-original-width="1771" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEcDpPAxUNSOtohy2b02q39k3A555MvrbtB4e0ELoyqE6YS-ss5rpsCVHPp6KUVYkdZfwFvkTBuVHGIAZ-igghL8jO83koJ9jSCV6dZ3MvgW3MN4Gct9Jj-7lpUbrKAOPqMoUgR5IoiCI5RlvYV26Iytue67Zqia3Y2N8zk8uvRRz9BD2AOBJtyVlkCQ/w400-h400/longest-line-new-terrain.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">So, a nice wee 50 mile stroll</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>This was an interesting methodological challenge and I <i>think </i>I've found the definitive longest line you can travel along a straight line without crossing any public roads in the UK. See <a href="http://www.statsmapsnpix.com/2023/04/the-longest-straight-line-in-great.html" target="_blank">my original blog post</a> on this for more on the background.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqYxuB9qt5AU_lfGMvodzTFk4ZJ7SdwwLGgPB1wsQRoT9YC8bplQW05Z66hqFnmISHzk8mZDrrvaByaYJjmigkfftbYwGkr9hwa0b5UVC7wrg34G4EIwYt_czmjzFdnWf4s92c_OVqPlCQ79QOcX0HSijygODhYNANUbSsw0zrB5HITbG7FwZK-Ooppw/s951/webmapnew.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="766" data-original-width="951" height="323" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqYxuB9qt5AU_lfGMvodzTFk4ZJ7SdwwLGgPB1wsQRoT9YC8bplQW05Z66hqFnmISHzk8mZDrrvaByaYJjmigkfftbYwGkr9hwa0b5UVC7wrg34G4EIwYt_czmjzFdnWf4s92c_OVqPlCQ79QOcX0HSijygODhYNANUbSsw0zrB5HITbG7FwZK-Ooppw/w400-h323/webmapnew.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A revised <a href="https://automaticknowledge.org/longestline2" target="_blank">web map</a> - I think this is the final answer</td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">The method - let me know if you have a better, super-quick method :)</h3><p>In theory the task is easy. Just draw a straight line inside the biggest gap in the road network, defined using the OS Open Roads dataset. It's quite easy just to eyeball the biggest gaps in the road network and come to a pretty good answer but this is not sufficient if you want to be systematic and definitive. I didn't just eyeball it the first time, there was more to it than that, but also I wasn't completely exhaustive either. So, here's what I did this time, in brief. Note that the data is just for Great Britain but the longest line is the longest in the UK because there are no gaps in the road network in Northern Ireland anywhere near this big.</p><p>I'm reporting my method for non-restricted roads, but I also did it with the entire OS Open Roads dataset, including restricted roads - just for fun.</p><p></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Download the latest OS Open Roads dataset and add it to QGIS.</li><li>I decided to polygonize the entire OS Open Roads dataset because of <a href="https://twitter.com/MurrayData/status/1644319716570198016?s=20" target="_blank">a suggestion by John Murray</a>, and this was pretty useful. This was also pretty quick and simple on my computer.</li><li>Then I decided to deal with the roads a bit differently, because they needed to be cut out of the 'between roads' polygons I made so that I could fit my lines entirely within the polygon geometry. But also because the OS Open Roads data is just centre lines and they have no thickness. So I approximated here and buffered the roads to 10 metre width, and dissolved the result. Then I ran a Difference on them to end up with a final set of polygons - lots of big 'no roads here' polygons. I only did this for areas of 100 sq km or more - for all road types this gave me 116 areas and when I removed restricted roads I ended up with 141 areas. 87 out of 141 are in Scotland.</li><li>Then I needed a simple way to identify the longest line within polygons. This is in theory very easy but also you could waste a lot of time computing vertex-vertex distances here that you don't need to - you're only really interested in the furthest vertices from each other that can be connected with a line entirely within the polygon. So for this I used the Python console in QGIS and <a href="https://gis.stackexchange.com/questions/365901/finding-longest-straight-line-within-polygon-in-qgis" target="_blank">a little snippet</a> I found on StackExchange (of course). I've copied this below in case it ever disappears from there. With thousands of vertices this can take a long time so try it one shape at a time if you are doing it yourself. You could just draw a set of lines to/from selected vertices but this is also a bit of a pain, particularly because it won't avoid the roads.</li><li>How could I be sure which intra-road area contains the longest line? Well it's pretty easy to see visually but to be sure I created some minimum bounding circles and computed the radius and then the longest line was still clearly in my original Monadhliath Mountains area, so that was good. You can see a bit of this in one of the screenshots above.</li><li>Then it was a case of doing some checks, double checks and then writing this short note.</li></ol><div><br /></div><blockquote><div>import itertools</div><div><div><br /></div><div>layer = iface.activeLayer() #Click layer in tree</div><div><br /></div><div>#Create empty line layer</div><div>vl = QgsVectorLayer("LineString?crs={}&index=yes".format(layer.crs().authid()), "Longest_line", "memory")</div><div>provider = vl.dataProvider()</div><div><br /></div><div>#For each polygon find the longest line that is within the polygon</div><div>for feat in layer.getFeatures():</div><div> verts = [v for v in feat.geometry().vertices()] #List all vertices</div><div> all_lines = []</div><div> for p1,p2 in itertools.combinations(verts, 2): #For every combination of two vertices</div><div> all_lines.append(QgsGeometry.fromPolyline([p1,p2])) #Create a line</div><div> all_lines = [line for line in all_lines if line.within(feat.geometry())] #Check if line is within polygon</div><div> if len(all_lines)>0:</div><div> longest_line = max(all_lines, key=lambda x: x.length()) #Find longest line</div><div> #Create a line feature from the longest line within polygon</div><div> f = QgsFeature()</div><div> f.setGeometry(longest_line)</div><div> provider.addFeature(f)</div><div><br /></div><div>QgsProject.instance().addMapLayer(vl)</div></div></blockquote><div><div></div></div>Alasdair Raehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12959449302596057979noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6894643731791231365.post-13969368814237579622023-04-06T06:47:00.013-07:002023-04-11T14:26:23.564-07:00The longest straight line in Great Britain (without crossing a public road)<p>In short, I believe I've found a longer straight line without crossing a public road than the line identified by Ordnance Survey in 2019. Important stuff, clearly. Let me explain.</p><p><i>**<b>Update, 8 April 2023: </b></i><i>I've added <a href="http://www.statsmapsnpix.com/2023/04/the-longest-line-part-2.html" target="_blank">a Part 2</a> to this now, where I find <a href="https://automaticknowledge.org/longestline2" target="_blank">an even longer line</a> in the same area. </i><i>Also, be very careful if you try this route because it won't be at all easy and you may also be eaten alive by midgies, as well as all the other hazards like bogs, hills, snow, cloud and so on.**</i></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht-GyE-ZTVAQq3luHRowi16GJoA35Uh7-bp7_8pB_moG5uNgp21bvDe2k3FnRxvWdg1toIEEXS75OtoNUzz8rFnitrcZOpVe6FkXWFJtTz73IOzCXdD4s0_q1-U5fjyvl3FK9iqkQSZmsC3_Oq1ZOOewQp94muTfZHdZj_nCV9PSEidczXxXrVjgGF7w/s2192/straight-line-route-longest.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1289" data-original-width="2192" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht-GyE-ZTVAQq3luHRowi16GJoA35Uh7-bp7_8pB_moG5uNgp21bvDe2k3FnRxvWdg1toIEEXS75OtoNUzz8rFnitrcZOpVe6FkXWFJtTz73IOzCXdD4s0_q1-U5fjyvl3FK9iqkQSZmsC3_Oq1ZOOewQp94muTfZHdZj_nCV9PSEidczXxXrVjgGF7w/w400-h235/straight-line-route-longest.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">This is a longer straight line than the one below</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>Back in 2018 someone asked Ordnance Survey <a href="https://twitter.com/100in7/status/1063057479049924608?s=20" target="_blank">a question</a> on Twitter, as follows:</p><p><i>"what (and where) is the longest distance you can walk in a straight line in England/Wales/Scotland without crossing a road (defined as a paved surface for vehicular use)??"</i></p><p>Note <b><u>'a paved surface for vehicular use'</u></b>. This is the most important bit for me and the reason I'm coming back to it again after years of working with this data and never quite finding time to investigate, until now.</p><p>It's an excellent question. The answer the OS team provided was then turned into a blog post on the OS website in early 2019, and <a href="https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/blog/gbs-longest-linear-walk-without-crossing-a-road#:~:text=The%20straight%20line%20is%2029.874,A686%20and%20leads%20to%20Leadgate." target="_blank">you can read that here</a> but see below for their map. There's also a fantastic <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=64wZHZSxCZM&t=13s" target="_blank">short film</a> of Calum Maclean and Jenny Graham walking the route. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/img-assets/Articles/Blogs/scotland1.x66d26787.jpg?w=1920&f=webp" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="522" data-original-width="800" height="261" src="https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/img-assets/Articles/Blogs/scotland1.x66d26787.jpg?w=1920&f=webp" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">71.5km or 44.43 miles</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>Now, let me say a little bit more. I'm from the Highlands, know lots of this area pretty well from my days cycling around it on my mountain bike when I was a teenager, as well as loads of other trips over the years for all sorts of reasons. I also spend my days looking at map data because that's a big part of my job and because of that one thing troubled me a bit about this answer from Ordnance Survey. </p><p>To be more precise, once again, it's the 'paved surface for vehicular use' part of the answer. I'll explain all below and my maps are very rough and quick but you'll hopefully see what I mean. </p><p><br /></p><p><b>The roads data</b></p><p>Ordnance Survey provide loads of great open data these days, and one of those products is their <a href="https://beta.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/products/os-open-roads" target="_blank">OS Open Roads</a> product. Load it into your GIS software and it looks like the image below. You can see from just eyeballing it where the biggest gaps in the road network are - unsurprisingly, all in the north of Scotland. There are some gaps in England and Wales too but here I'm trying to find the longest straight line between roads in Great Britain so I'm focusing on the north of Scotland. The longest line in Great Britain is also the longest in the whole UK, because the density of roads in Northern Ireland is such that there's nowhere even remotely as long as the line above there.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ6qztI-FjMKoUhWdRmeiPes2fccA_fNvYMlQw6yPuL1XNrMxDWXaJejWdmhEXEcxYCtKV277QrbN0oefMuCRJDXFvzzq3KZul_4VxDqMqTTZ9rJNu9Q_6akPFPiC1T5mwb4lDMPIue_ytfFUIR6KQ7VgKUwWe56GOFPEj9SNIXCrwgRSjbV723Z9fyw/s817/os-roads-all.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="817" data-original-width="680" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ6qztI-FjMKoUhWdRmeiPes2fccA_fNvYMlQw6yPuL1XNrMxDWXaJejWdmhEXEcxYCtKV277QrbN0oefMuCRJDXFvzzq3KZul_4VxDqMqTTZ9rJNu9Q_6akPFPiC1T5mwb4lDMPIue_ytfFUIR6KQ7VgKUwWe56GOFPEj9SNIXCrwgRSjbV723Z9fyw/w333-h400/os-roads-all.PNG" width="333" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">All roads in Great Britain</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p><br /></p><p>This OS roads file is about 2GB in size and is really useful. However, when I've run different kinds of network analyses on it I sometimes run into problems because it also includes roads that are not public. These are typically flagged as 'Restricted Local Access Roads', and I've shown some of these in the zoomed-in map below in purple. You may think by looking that these are 'roads' but in reality they are usually unpaved private tracks but more on that further down the page. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxMBS4GX8SukDXmJzHg9doeknFCY9GCSvvxChbAREJcaEQ0Nw8mJragqjWWwIb9TD4nRtVw-57TiH0N3XdpcvskIYaVTDqBj1xZPylATr2DH_lEWj3mJlzJUBwDE_v1fPddQVAu4c8iGnkoH0R0piLLbJGM2qK1URFBXAsjsuPmqUErzIxfYGNcMT5xA/s1386/restricted.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="812" data-original-width="1386" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxMBS4GX8SukDXmJzHg9doeknFCY9GCSvvxChbAREJcaEQ0Nw8mJragqjWWwIb9TD4nRtVw-57TiH0N3XdpcvskIYaVTDqBj1xZPylATr2DH_lEWj3mJlzJUBwDE_v1fPddQVAu4c8iGnkoH0R0piLLbJGM2qK1URFBXAsjsuPmqUErzIxfYGNcMT5xA/w400-h234/restricted.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Restricted 'roads' in purple here</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>What do these restricted roads look like on the ground? Well, you can take a look via Google street view a lot of the time, and you can also get a sense for what public roads are just by hovering the street view icon over the map, like I've done below.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzlgiuc_ILJ4RSJrMvRmcC01PmtTbxS5vMu6rFu1CeiCnFbwVmtNPNm77dfvLJBgcqIDh0hR_ExN9TAE56BaVv9GGWYu4CwE4dfH22uNKhyVjFvoNAYhGkBnxk3-jIa8Xo8-Zo2Rjh8BOYRMeWMvDopglecbd7qzFyZw54WHF69Qs_Yq5Xpwmf0laf6w/s860/street-view.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="633" data-original-width="860" height="295" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzlgiuc_ILJ4RSJrMvRmcC01PmtTbxS5vMu6rFu1CeiCnFbwVmtNPNm77dfvLJBgcqIDh0hR_ExN9TAE56BaVv9GGWYu4CwE4dfH22uNKhyVjFvoNAYhGkBnxk3-jIa8Xo8-Zo2Rjh8BOYRMeWMvDopglecbd7qzFyZw54WHF69Qs_Yq5Xpwmf0laf6w/w400-h295/street-view.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A much better representation of public roads</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>For example, if you travel down the road along the River Findhorn, you'll eventually get to the <a href="https://www.nature.scot/enjoying-outdoors/your-access-rights#:~:text=Scotland's%20access%20rights%20are%20yours,and%20other%20non%2Dmotorised%20activities." target="_blank">end of the public road</a>. You can of course keep going on foot or on your bike because of the <a href="https://www.nature.scot/enjoying-outdoors/your-access-rights#:~:text=Scotland's%20access%20rights%20are%20yours,and%20other%20non%2Dmotorised%20activities." target="_blank">laws on access</a> in Scotland but you can't drive down these routes (unless you have permission). </p><p><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3FhasUtFRr0dKlO9ImR1U6GwcWB0nUUeVyVkVw2Ek8xQP18eMPnGSUh52fDh9HNKQmq2Zs57jehMMRzXplZ9eoU0q92tay50zrabsBVEbX2GMZ5bDzxSGx1bMcHnrpgeavV9akqESJji63logYCYDgQ9Vfk70KNlbd6tgexdUix_nUMX5ALaKq1BlQw/s1912/private-road.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="919" data-original-width="1912" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3FhasUtFRr0dKlO9ImR1U6GwcWB0nUUeVyVkVw2Ek8xQP18eMPnGSUh52fDh9HNKQmq2Zs57jehMMRzXplZ9eoU0q92tay50zrabsBVEbX2GMZ5bDzxSGx1bMcHnrpgeavV9akqESJji63logYCYDgQ9Vfk70KNlbd6tgexdUix_nUMX5ALaKq1BlQw/w400-h193/private-road.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The end of the public road</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUtAyb88Lrdzx93wyEGlE8G_tVoz4UXgETlGmHixZD-a9XnipWSzsIpUzNT4M-DKml6-XUhSfEQUB5f4eAYp8l1hyBabpbEabjF8zavt6GsQqCNyPb5qiiREko6_LvmfuBSNp6Q6L2AassHlWhrf3hhegpG2LQ_dDbeEj1Dka2L7uM0UJEiQE_8v3_xA/s1911/not-a-road.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="913" data-original-width="1911" height="191" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUtAyb88Lrdzx93wyEGlE8G_tVoz4UXgETlGmHixZD-a9XnipWSzsIpUzNT4M-DKml6-XUhSfEQUB5f4eAYp8l1hyBabpbEabjF8zavt6GsQqCNyPb5qiiREko6_LvmfuBSNp6Q6L2AassHlWhrf3hhegpG2LQ_dDbeEj1Dka2L7uM0UJEiQE_8v3_xA/w400-h191/not-a-road.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Another 'Restricted Local Access Road' - see what I mean?</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>If you download the roads file and then make public roads one colour (blue) and then the restricted roads a different colour and then make a head-splitting gif of the result, this is what you get. Study this for a while and then you start to wonder if you can find a longer line than the OS one from 2019. Sometimes restricted access roads are in places like caravan parks, cemeteries, and the like - but in the Highlands they are often in the hills too.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4BeT7eHR6O3tTeXEHsnBIzWaWETGuXLkVeQQUmQNONwLB54MIqhOwxcCTGQ-fShrO7BXFxzqpNNE0ACLoHLdUDoKOSZHyHLj4KjsSS_mKutjf2o_Kt6Obhq-L-EMF3KUbIGIDNiIghLur-7TVdUVeuwZh5qwhdRBcEBoSG3x-Lj0pBtRLQVeRQuwtkg/s1200/road-types.gif" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="706" data-original-width="1200" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4BeT7eHR6O3tTeXEHsnBIzWaWETGuXLkVeQQUmQNONwLB54MIqhOwxcCTGQ-fShrO7BXFxzqpNNE0ACLoHLdUDoKOSZHyHLj4KjsSS_mKutjf2o_Kt6Obhq-L-EMF3KUbIGIDNiIghLur-7TVdUVeuwZh5qwhdRBcEBoSG3x-Lj0pBtRLQVeRQuwtkg/w400-h235/road-types.gif" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Loads of restricted access roads (purple) on the map</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>Using what I would consider to be the 'correct' OS roads file - i.e. the one in keeping with the original question and in keeping with the concept of public roads - I can get a longer line in the original Cairngorms route too, see below. Let's worry about distance over undulating ground later on.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfoai04GztuyfmpMNQYZjLA3VT4IxPbOSUiiQzE-Ksi4K4s3eQyxn_b-KcdTQL7lD1vSBYuHCV0HFQWnM4NAH9nB1ZR0O2eRU6YmSyW8vFszrZRcHjFuDQ3Yg5z3wYsAFity3NunVpDe1od46jvY69W4df4XXtQH4cY3djEYJ-uEYIzAOsgGAG9K2cxw/s1151/original-OS-line.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="807" data-original-width="1151" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfoai04GztuyfmpMNQYZjLA3VT4IxPbOSUiiQzE-Ksi4K4s3eQyxn_b-KcdTQL7lD1vSBYuHCV0HFQWnM4NAH9nB1ZR0O2eRU6YmSyW8vFszrZRcHjFuDQ3Yg5z3wYsAFity3NunVpDe1od46jvY69W4df4XXtQH4cY3djEYJ-uEYIzAOsgGAG9K2cxw/w400-h280/original-OS-line.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">I can get a distance over 74km (straight line) this way</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>But with my glasses on I could see a potentially longer route, that <i>just </i>missed a couple of public roads, this time to the west of the A9 instead of the east. That's the map I posted at the start, and again below.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjMIR90BH5BepA8kqBoLLdyNikrVtqK3i6ltc_UxlN3JKcZQSxOGYtyGhmmpJpGTlbe-yTG7OTneAKzmI_xec-_xQRIzQ2vnf2U0QTntG7bQql8Eg64qLofiPIvh7Y2fbm8qIbUZYdwDfG-lywyK79DdYopl5uPHwaC3gBi-BKOcsc3s7rPnmGhv3CZQ/s2192/straight-line-route-longest.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1289" data-original-width="2192" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjMIR90BH5BepA8kqBoLLdyNikrVtqK3i6ltc_UxlN3JKcZQSxOGYtyGhmmpJpGTlbe-yTG7OTneAKzmI_xec-_xQRIzQ2vnf2U0QTntG7bQql8Eg64qLofiPIvh7Y2fbm8qIbUZYdwDfG-lywyK79DdYopl5uPHwaC3gBi-BKOcsc3s7rPnmGhv3CZQ/w400-h235/straight-line-route-longest.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">From the A9 to near Fort William, a nice walk</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgx6RrKrEDvrl3qRX-88PKI-rB8lEXg7B8vA6CbZDEcc296ozWScauHv28AmWQ7dZWbjsgkJQR64Y5PQ7C7JxvJZFaL93CrObEzZQhvLCau-_bMTLy5fXRIRAg0Nt04_4vXVNvBFjR0LK-k_WC7dkS1CgxnV99AAYGyMSvzxGD66qQAxUpVQjTGqmqwBA/s2192/straight-line-route-longest-terrain.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1289" data-original-width="2192" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgx6RrKrEDvrl3qRX-88PKI-rB8lEXg7B8vA6CbZDEcc296ozWScauHv28AmWQ7dZWbjsgkJQR64Y5PQ7C7JxvJZFaL93CrObEzZQhvLCau-_bMTLy5fXRIRAg0Nt04_4vXVNvBFjR0LK-k_WC7dkS1CgxnV99AAYGyMSvzxGD66qQAxUpVQjTGqmqwBA/w400-h235/straight-line-route-longest-terrain.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">I've added terrain to this one, to show how tough this would be</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>Here's a height profile for anyone mad enough to be thinking about doing this route. It looks horrendously tiring and almost certainly quite dangerous unless you're a bit of an expert. Units are in metres below and the max is just about 3,000 feet, with lots of ups and downs. How much distance does this actually add to the straight line? </p><p>Well, it's never as much as I'd think and it depends upon the accuracy of your terrain model but using the publicly available OS Terrain 50 dataset I get a distance of 77.0 km / 47.8 miles for this so a bit longer than straight line distance. I calculated this in QGIS using the Saga 'Profiles from lines' tool. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMdmchCIxB6U4UMZXHiYbIQ17I1k4snyIKrZSlJ5sPjvuMOn_txiL_XgV-PPgIwdquyrd21r2FpQ_ax1LNlbmID9YJ_kSbLZ_IEVwgqccn98QR4aGDnmFnshnzy8rs4MDhY1SUnNoj6baPcs57l4ALZoclmAMIuEqAxgZXaKc87kSW17NNGi8tEgtRYQ/s713/height-profile.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="363" data-original-width="713" height="204" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMdmchCIxB6U4UMZXHiYbIQ17I1k4snyIKrZSlJ5sPjvuMOn_txiL_XgV-PPgIwdquyrd21r2FpQ_ax1LNlbmID9YJ_kSbLZ_IEVwgqccn98QR4aGDnmFnshnzy8rs4MDhY1SUnNoj6baPcs57l4ALZoclmAMIuEqAxgZXaKc87kSW17NNGi8tEgtRYQ/w400-h204/height-profile.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A nice wee stroll</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>Anyway, that's what I get when I look at the data. A bit longer than the OS answer, but that's because I've tried to stick to the spirit of the original question. Get a different result? Found a mistake? Feel free to let me know.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB_0Mr-gnzixy8C3IKlkJ28-sZRUz7kL9pw9vqPU5lU9vA4kM_g7fJlCyA-1YJoHbguKVoklopWV0-wD8ZMGrl2jd9FIgvTumluKnZ68ENE7VXp1JgkZve-qEUK0AvzBy6Il81JK3sCrz12RyWWSRO1KT9vLy7axVu11ElsBd0D9lC6PXj2AeaYsbmXw/s1162/wee-stroll.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="817" data-original-width="1162" height="281" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB_0Mr-gnzixy8C3IKlkJ28-sZRUz7kL9pw9vqPU5lU9vA4kM_g7fJlCyA-1YJoHbguKVoklopWV0-wD8ZMGrl2jd9FIgvTumluKnZ68ENE7VXp1JgkZve-qEUK0AvzBy6Il81JK3sCrz12RyWWSRO1KT9vLy7axVu11ElsBd0D9lC6PXj2AeaYsbmXw/w400-h281/wee-stroll.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Not easy</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5KcSKW7lQjb-ljAQAmFB5Kcfl25XrBLzJF6RbdqbRnUpsNQV14ibb3BpoeEPxOkPFBmhXiHG9TWq0dMJnFtGCcl8oL3kezwsorervhfAX-hXIveW-kO6vA19EO2QafB7RKCiMK734iJ7hUZ1k4EEPdkyA0p6njAxhJ1q_mgWOfDDhSmhe3Ebkz8vGxQ/s1822/line-options.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1191" data-original-width="1822" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5KcSKW7lQjb-ljAQAmFB5Kcfl25XrBLzJF6RbdqbRnUpsNQV14ibb3BpoeEPxOkPFBmhXiHG9TWq0dMJnFtGCcl8oL3kezwsorervhfAX-hXIveW-kO6vA19EO2QafB7RKCiMK734iJ7hUZ1k4EEPdkyA0p6njAxhJ1q_mgWOfDDhSmhe3Ebkz8vGxQ/w400-h261/line-options.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">All these options are over 75km, and none are easy!</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p><b>Data source:</b> © Crown copyright and database rights 2023. © OpenStreetMap and contributors</p><p><b>Want the line file to play around with? </b>It's in <a href="https://automaticknowledge.org/training/bonusdata/" target="_blank">this folder</a>, in geojson, gpkg, gpx and shp formats. File name is <i>longest-straight-line-candidate </i>followed by the various file extensions for each type.</p><p><a href="https://automaticknowledge.org/longestline/#9/57.1179/-4.4241" target="_blank">Interactive map version of my original line </a></p><p><b>How could you systematically, definitively find the longest possible route? </b>With some difficulty but it could be done. My map above involved converting OS open roads to polygons, then vertices then connecting vertices then measuring the longest lines and so on. It's not a trivial problem to solve with 100% accuracy, at least not for me.</p>Alasdair Raehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12959449302596057979noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6894643731791231365.post-26805442734495194532023-03-05T02:17:00.004-08:002023-03-05T02:37:10.677-08:00Geometry generators in QGIS<p>So, you've heard about the mysterious 🌏 <b>geometry generator</b> 🌍in QGIS and you want to know more? You're in the right place. No idea what I'm talking about but you do use QGIS? Well you're still probably in the right place because I'm going to explain things here, with examples you can try yourself. I've put this post together for anyone who really wants to know what a geometry generator in QGIS can do. So before going any further here's a map of US states where I have used a geometry generator style to move Alaska and Hawaii below the lower 48 states as they often appear on US maps. Read all the way down to the bottom of the post if you also want to know how to use a geometry generator expression to create an entirely new layer where AK and HI are in the location shown below permanently!</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRZqPPktEJMvos57PpBIaC66zc-tPvTstgvXc_O4tuvBwFfxL_boXisx73Mgl0lVGcOo3CuFf0gx5k2uza8zM2fMrSNSjsm9LHXvog7_LSwmY_cHmhhpEywDKoOC0FL0PS8qFC4bqmbdRGpf73Ud6jZMOUEaCwIGPuVunZ38zArQH-p8c-U5cXymIxyg/s1919/us-ak-hi.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1041" data-original-width="1919" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRZqPPktEJMvos57PpBIaC66zc-tPvTstgvXc_O4tuvBwFfxL_boXisx73Mgl0lVGcOo3CuFf0gx5k2uza8zM2fMrSNSjsm9LHXvog7_LSwmY_cHmhhpEywDKoOC0FL0PS8qFC4bqmbdRGpf73Ud6jZMOUEaCwIGPuVunZ38zArQH-p8c-U5cXymIxyg/w400-h217/us-ak-hi.jpg" title="The expression is what moves Alaska and Hawaii" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The expression moves Alaska and Hawaii</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><h3 style="text-align: left;">Geometry generator? Generators?</h3><p>Let me say a little about terminology here, because it can be a bit confusing hearing people talk about 'geometry generator', '<i>the </i>geometry generator', 'geometry generator<i>s</i>' and various other terms. Don't worry about the precise term, it's all the same. Regardless of precise terminology <a href="https://docs.qgis.org/3.22/en/docs/user_manual/style_library/symbol_selector.html?highlight=geometry%20generator#the-geometry-generator" target="_blank">The Geometry Generator</a> in QGIS allows you to use expressions to create new points, lines or polygons on the fly during the rendering process. </p><p>Hmm, okay. What does this <i>actually </i>mean? It means that if you have, say, a shapefile of US states and you want to move Alaska and Hawaii to a position below the continental states you can do this using a geometry generator expression - no new shapefile is created and you aren't editing the original file, it's all done 'on the fly' - i.e. you make changes to the <i>appearance </i>of the layer without actually having to modify it's original properties or edit any features. That's why geometry generator appears within the <u><i>Symbology </i></u>option in map layers in QGIS.</p><p><i></i></p><blockquote><i><span style="font-size: medium;">So using a geometry generator is simply about changing the <u>symbology </u>of a layer in QGIS by using an expression, but without having to <b>a)</b> create any new files or <b>b)</b> edit the existing layer in any way? Yes, that's basically it.</span></i></blockquote><p></p><p>I've found that the best way to understand what the geometry generator can do in QGIS is to have a go yourself, so with that in mind see if you can download the file below and add it to a new QGIS project. Once you've done that, go into the layer's Symbology and then once you're there click on Geometry Generator to look at the expression I've used to move Alaska and Hawaii. You can then edit the settings to see what happens.</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://t.co/gmmAswcNvx" target="_blank"><b>US states layer with Alaska and Hawaii moved below continental US, using a geometry generator expression.</b></a></li></ul><p></p><p>Just note that in the example layer above the layer itself is in a coordinate reference system that uses metres, so the large numbers in the geometry generator expression (see below) refer to <b>metres</b>. If you are doing this kind of thing with a layer that has <b>degrees </b>as the map unit you will need to be aware of it. So, for example, you may want to move Alaska just a few degrees south, and not 1200000 as in the example I've given you!</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA3KAqxJYphwSdFaUjigV8bu9xa_pKA8kde-P6uMSuXhKv2fgAlyPr2dtiKgNblbincdRrFmD2wdUkSTkmX0W97fUI23N_kpG-Wo49vOKEYUxtLx4UFwDeHlpwzukytozKxMzjYJmAIPT84DUTRbpVwZfXP2bKsaZxKaieGDQwNh-afI60rhnTlcHFiw/s1280/us-ak-hi.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA3KAqxJYphwSdFaUjigV8bu9xa_pKA8kde-P6uMSuXhKv2fgAlyPr2dtiKgNblbincdRrFmD2wdUkSTkmX0W97fUI23N_kpG-Wo49vOKEYUxtLx4UFwDeHlpwzukytozKxMzjYJmAIPT84DUTRbpVwZfXP2bKsaZxKaieGDQwNh-afI60rhnTlcHFiw/w400-h225/us-ak-hi.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Hopefully this makes things a bit clearer</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Some more geometry generator examples</h3><p>If you search 'geometry generator' in the blog search box here you'll find some examples, but they are quite complex if you're new to it, so let me share some simpler ones now, starting by saying a little more about the US example I've provided above. In the first image below you can see where Alaska and Hawaii actually are (in yellow) and where I've moved them to using a geometry generator expression - and note that I've also scaled Alaska down 50% and rotated them so they look like other maps where AK and HI have been moved.</p><p> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7-e68OqelVI228kEWp1lR1oPmY6NXXcpI-CiDTVaBpl0mMNs2jr3rJqHPwgZAHKkE2Oa2Wlk3vBj9W95mClxG7qniZlSUbVLlKZ9sPOiD6d4c8mTFgV1FHmvsvijLr3cVEhilW2AXF_eYqsq7ZzfRh7cu6XyrrOdt0j0YXf-MNL6_7chG5zicJoP5-A/s837/FqXvWuWX0AMjAUF.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="559" data-original-width="837" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7-e68OqelVI228kEWp1lR1oPmY6NXXcpI-CiDTVaBpl0mMNs2jr3rJqHPwgZAHKkE2Oa2Wlk3vBj9W95mClxG7qniZlSUbVLlKZ9sPOiD6d4c8mTFgV1FHmvsvijLr3cVEhilW2AXF_eYqsq7ZzfRh7cu6XyrrOdt0j0YXf-MNL6_7chG5zicJoP5-A/w400-h268/FqXvWuWX0AMjAUF.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Original position vs new geometry generator position</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjalMIuhJf8LDwBDZzMmMzMMcv7yStOCC_VsUpLQGC1w2eafUSGiVTA_DFltuzCrYu1-jiWiDyJDC7wMRUfpgd-VB-2iBPHOU5uhX1J0v3tnWteGnbeL-59gMANV3V0XzdbDOzLyUX6lCd_mY0ddHd5zjf-Zt4UMa_bIo5GGFEdi1a2gDaG1ZUIk1SY9A/s686/FqXuKEXX0AEUdyV.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="686" data-original-width="686" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjalMIuhJf8LDwBDZzMmMzMMcv7yStOCC_VsUpLQGC1w2eafUSGiVTA_DFltuzCrYu1-jiWiDyJDC7wMRUfpgd-VB-2iBPHOU5uhX1J0v3tnWteGnbeL-59gMANV3V0XzdbDOzLyUX6lCd_mY0ddHd5zjf-Zt4UMa_bIo5GGFEdi1a2gDaG1ZUIk1SY9A/w400-h400/FqXuKEXX0AEUdyV.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Once again, this explains the expression used to move AK and HI</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdPuZ_SbYKte7wRUiiDKKCf7LGY6aw19JgdzOYlgKwvu0orGh4uniU-KMTOCnxsKwuOlKJ4V9egFiNe_ZLlJULnbI5iasumZqN975EggxWOSSPIIhOcREkvh3d54zlsX0MasPxxvZ4ehlBGgLoBbhLik_fJkqwLo0tWrnwtVmgZ59TBFWbwd98OaaNBw/s1719/us-states-maps-ak-hi.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="894" data-original-width="1719" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdPuZ_SbYKte7wRUiiDKKCf7LGY6aw19JgdzOYlgKwvu0orGh4uniU-KMTOCnxsKwuOlKJ4V9egFiNe_ZLlJULnbI5iasumZqN975EggxWOSSPIIhOcREkvh3d54zlsX0MasPxxvZ4ehlBGgLoBbhLik_fJkqwLo0tWrnwtVmgZ59TBFWbwd98OaaNBw/w400-h208/us-states-maps-ak-hi.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Loads of examples that have AK and HI below the lower 48</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p><i>So what about other examples?</i> Well I actually created a US lower 48 states file with loads of different geometry generator expressions in it that you can have a play around with, as well as a video that shows you how to do it. Here's the file - just download it and add it to a fresh, blank QGIS project:</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b><a href="https://t.co/e8hgupctk5" target="_blank">US lower 48 states file with geometry generator examples in it</a></b></li></ul><p></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dxRkdg0luPDbNRgZJIoTwyO9DHynj36DR6DdjyQusAZAuaCdhcVaK-qMtVEKOX3CouJqjEBMXTLHvkw9PQljA' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><br /><p>Look out for the dancers at the end of the video above, by the way.</p><p>So, watch the video, download the file and then you'll see in much more detail than I can say here how things work. But, if you did want to make Texas much bigger - and only Texas - this is how you'd do it.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjR5KuM7XPTmWp4GAsKAxUsDcbAgD74byCoknuUEwHCj97XK9s-ZfaC3vh5V4sOa3mJu_9Yf8ycnnZoUGwWYvY_RN6iqEe7IRFs-xwt68lu2x1MWfwUWgMsUeLCOVyjeFuVrpJZSMnESzXAVP-C_WV1nBMdu-Tlb8elgaMuVRbjneuv6xypoL-e4WZwng/s1900/FjOukvrXoAEnbVc.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="994" data-original-width="1900" height="209" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjR5KuM7XPTmWp4GAsKAxUsDcbAgD74byCoknuUEwHCj97XK9s-ZfaC3vh5V4sOa3mJu_9Yf8ycnnZoUGwWYvY_RN6iqEe7IRFs-xwt68lu2x1MWfwUWgMsUeLCOVyjeFuVrpJZSMnESzXAVP-C_WV1nBMdu-Tlb8elgaMuVRbjneuv6xypoL-e4WZwng/w400-h209/FjOukvrXoAEnbVc.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">BIG TEXAS!</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>If you wanted to take things a lot further and do strange stuff, see below - the point here is that once you know how it works you can use your imagination to do all sorts of things. Note that for all the expressions I've used you will be able to replicate them if you are on the latest version of QGIS (currently 3.22 or above).</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjidgObrGeOKXOIer0luZ4x3Glaiov68t4aRUmsg-SK3joeCwFNlGrbcvHY9-L5KXx6MX83IdF6-5OCvcjeKcpKcw-B74ZG6Ban8Lj51sIynvQKA2K_27IJzI13u_xXauCW0TIofvl59XFDojtMfw5jWUfvQiNdOuIcHGWCQycqu0Ry8n_9F4rZvV8JVg/s1213/FjOv0tIX0AA35hC.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="996" data-original-width="1213" height="329" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjidgObrGeOKXOIer0luZ4x3Glaiov68t4aRUmsg-SK3joeCwFNlGrbcvHY9-L5KXx6MX83IdF6-5OCvcjeKcpKcw-B74ZG6Ban8Lj51sIynvQKA2K_27IJzI13u_xXauCW0TIofvl59XFDojtMfw5jWUfvQiNdOuIcHGWCQycqu0Ry8n_9F4rZvV8JVg/w400-h329/FjOv0tIX0AA35hC.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">An up to date version of QGIS is required</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>Okay, here's a version where I've got a plain US states layer in the background and then one on top that uses a geometry generator expression to create little needle shapes that relate to population change between the 2010 and 2020 US Census. I have a much more detailed post on this kind of thing <a href="http://www.statsmapsnpix.com/2022/10/cometmaps.html" target="_blank">here</a>.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOi2aJ-N7pF4_BCXOj1mj34xIf8wYgUrDmFG9uwxRlPHaU6wHs9oU1dOQFun1cQtpv5NWq9sj9GBOIRVdBGOPdHU7SDrO54NjfjOFvJezUdz_I-APB8Du2ysuN07Qv87innfKocONDCUO-8ykLsiU1QVzqKh1LG4nz5kNgYTte26d0yupGE-ZVCej6bg/s1911/FjSbBrFXEAAFu7y.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="996" data-original-width="1911" height="209" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOi2aJ-N7pF4_BCXOj1mj34xIf8wYgUrDmFG9uwxRlPHaU6wHs9oU1dOQFun1cQtpv5NWq9sj9GBOIRVdBGOPdHU7SDrO54NjfjOFvJezUdz_I-APB8Du2ysuN07Qv87innfKocONDCUO-8ykLsiU1QVzqKh1LG4nz5kNgYTte26d0yupGE-ZVCej6bg/w400-h209/FjSbBrFXEAAFu7y.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">See, you can do all sorts of cool stuff</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>Since I'm in the UK, and since people sometimes move Shetland, you may find it useful to know how to do that if you were working with a UK local authorities file. If you want to replicate this, then here's the UK districts layer</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b><a href="https://automaticknowledge.org/qgistraining/uk-districts.gpkg" target="_blank">UK local authority districts layer</a></b></li></ul><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCIYge5eFkuNgtU8CC-FWHS5B7yuerNQOHrEQ0IlIgzrzzxjPMLxmwLdDepkTN7Z7HXtvH5tY6AroV2t9B9mDsLyUxn_Lvg1gHEltfrLM7P1I1vnCmToA2G9pmJFDDeQWlsKlTITY2kQwwr6Vqy5nWh5pH8nof4NhCHRNqNYXmTYb9X3s_22dcKEt42w/s1383/FqOd8VkXwAAa4MI.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="864" data-original-width="1383" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCIYge5eFkuNgtU8CC-FWHS5B7yuerNQOHrEQ0IlIgzrzzxjPMLxmwLdDepkTN7Z7HXtvH5tY6AroV2t9B9mDsLyUxn_Lvg1gHEltfrLM7P1I1vnCmToA2G9pmJFDDeQWlsKlTITY2kQwwr6Vqy5nWh5pH8nof4NhCHRNqNYXmTYb9X3s_22dcKEt42w/w400-h250/FqOd8VkXwAAa4MI.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">I made Shetland 5 times bigger, just because</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>Note that in the example above I also added a box round Shetland - a rounded box - if you look closely you'll see that I have two separate geometry generator symbols in the one layer here. See below for the expression I used to add the box - it's basically the same as the one I used to move Shetland but then I added a bounding box and a buffer distance too.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGJWw0jfYiyyc2_0a-PQGa-CRTsqfu2NVYrKjc7-iNvtLQrmN90yv4x4iz5iUvwLImzPkAkWT6QIsAPOmXn3jSgKhUU0gUWdOG_ZkML5sR0_Z8eIQmXuWK6cB4zua2ASc-NbyY6PvECkYfmAvVjBgg1e4-Yf5DCzWA6oMI76KGt7CrRu8icWoCH6LruQ/s1383/FqOd8VkXwAAa4MI.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="864" data-original-width="1383" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGJWw0jfYiyyc2_0a-PQGa-CRTsqfu2NVYrKjc7-iNvtLQrmN90yv4x4iz5iUvwLImzPkAkWT6QIsAPOmXn3jSgKhUU0gUWdOG_ZkML5sR0_Z8eIQmXuWK6cB4zua2ASc-NbyY6PvECkYfmAvVjBgg1e4-Yf5DCzWA6oMI76KGt7CrRu8icWoCH6LruQ/w400-h250/FqOd8VkXwAAa4MI.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Shetland is indeed in a box, but it's also 5x bigger here</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>For <i>loads</i> more examples, take a look at the video I posted above, which relates to <b><a href="https://t.co/e8hgupctk5" target="_blank">the US lower 48 states layer</a></b> I created with TONS of example expression in it that you can play with. This is a great way to learn more about the possibilities of geometry generator in QGIS. Here are a couple of screenshots showing you what's in that file. All you need to do is delete the -- in front of any of the expressions so that only one expression is active at a time and then you'll see what it does. </p><p> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLKdimlsmyAIpvHCOnUgSidH2E-Cz87lOxwKnjCOG6d1Hb9hzqEguvS_wtVd1PbpHvz9CUWbAqslvMWYw6vUazli0qA6SndeZQq8jk5OnZRVFbTdyRWHQ5Cs8upHv_k4Ds7EGY-QWRWswztoDJ8fWNoNxKQmmjKYEp81cAYV1zI_Le-PmuOv0fYia3Uw/s1920/video2.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLKdimlsmyAIpvHCOnUgSidH2E-Cz87lOxwKnjCOG6d1Hb9hzqEguvS_wtVd1PbpHvz9CUWbAqslvMWYw6vUazli0qA6SndeZQq8jk5OnZRVFbTdyRWHQ5Cs8upHv_k4Ds7EGY-QWRWswztoDJ8fWNoNxKQmmjKYEp81cAYV1zI_Le-PmuOv0fYia3Uw/w400-h225/video2.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">I put together loads of different expressions in this file</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc4AFouM4ERPPL6VyPrbENmWCSVXTZCA1wybkNIxfpg_vFkw_vSYltLbLvCxv0sWIejsqRPufxeR-vVYjlSAVPXxn39OE5bbCIXw3iXCBWPX0kw7CJfNTBOks6tUVnZeHjId6AF9RnArH-HWpM_78d1gAeW51jvfEg9E-Cn6wYX1oY0zoWobHijuZ0-w/s1920/video1.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc4AFouM4ERPPL6VyPrbENmWCSVXTZCA1wybkNIxfpg_vFkw_vSYltLbLvCxv0sWIejsqRPufxeR-vVYjlSAVPXxn39OE5bbCIXw3iXCBWPX0kw7CJfNTBOks6tUVnZeHjId6AF9RnArH-HWpM_78d1gAeW51jvfEg9E-Cn6wYX1oY0zoWobHijuZ0-w/w400-h225/video1.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Tons of different potential uses for this</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><p><br /></p><p><b>Wait, I can actually create new layers using geometry generator?!?! Yes!</b></p><p>This is a very important section. Yes, you can use geometry generator to style a layer to make it appear totally different from its original shape but if you want to create an entirely new layer that permanently looks different, based on a geometry generator expression then you can do this. Let's say you wanted to create a new US states layer where Alaska and Hawaii are always located below the lower 48 states. You can do this easily in QGIS by opening the Processing toolbox and then searching for 'Geometry by expression' and then you enter your geometry generator expression, choose where to save your new layer to and then that's that! It's amazingly easy and also very useful.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOXmLnjlddzEI0YFYYKu4SMzSOShuTAAzzu5kqSGzhPodrG0i6WWP403zBJznqieKWG6ug8ogpj6N3zrDXIsB_n_ZfuJsOSxRWh1C9rt_Yrh-496hdwNSmJPhk2jFnvl4AXFC2sx2-A5Pp0DYv8uHm4QMMXSd190xkeKmm8-7w0ek6dPjWp_0xy9qLeA/s1730/FjOyDanWAAA_TTO.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="814" data-original-width="1730" height="189" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOXmLnjlddzEI0YFYYKu4SMzSOShuTAAzzu5kqSGzhPodrG0i6WWP403zBJznqieKWG6ug8ogpj6N3zrDXIsB_n_ZfuJsOSxRWh1C9rt_Yrh-496hdwNSmJPhk2jFnvl4AXFC2sx2-A5Pp0DYv8uHm4QMMXSd190xkeKmm8-7w0ek6dPjWp_0xy9qLeA/w400-h189/FjOyDanWAAA_TTO.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Create a new, modified layer using Geometry by expression</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>If you wanted to create a new shapefile, say - or any other type of geo file - with Alaska and Hawaii permanently moved below the lower 48 states, you could just take <a href="https://t.co/gmmAswcNvx" target="_blank">the original US file</a> I shared at the start of this post, then copy/paste the expression into the Geometry by expression tool as shown above and then run it. See below for a screenshot of where I've done this in QGIS myself.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCbHy0zLLgsI6ZRde2dYOcb3dEu3VLL-vYBXaQOmhOXY1Uh080YuchHKZk5xsEoWW9nR8XAcK4v58qIQ4u3ZCCLudFrI77GRNVhErD5TSmAehPNxcz6HtDpRHHiRtFxUr3R8zM8-75uVwfyG5-WgQALG-5-t5Tj3tAeImr71_i3dtkfxYNb-CxHhP9pw/s1150/geom-by-exp.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="491" data-original-width="1150" height="171" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCbHy0zLLgsI6ZRde2dYOcb3dEu3VLL-vYBXaQOmhOXY1Uh080YuchHKZk5xsEoWW9nR8XAcK4v58qIQ4u3ZCCLudFrI77GRNVhErD5TSmAehPNxcz6HtDpRHHiRtFxUr3R8zM8-75uVwfyG5-WgQALG-5-t5Tj3tAeImr71_i3dtkfxYNb-CxHhP9pw/w400-h171/geom-by-exp.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A layer with AK and HI permanently moved</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><h3 style="text-align: left;">Help! My shapes are disappearing</h3><div>You may find that when using geometry generator expression in symbology that things disappear. This can be confusing and worrying and confusing. It happens when you zoom in too far, basically. What do I mean? Well, in the case of the US example above, if you zoom in to the lower 48 states then you will find that Alaska and Hawaii disappear because you have zoomed in to a map extent beyond their <i>actual </i> position. To get round this, in the Print Layout in QGIS, you can just set the map frame much wider so that it includes the original positions of AK and HI, for example - as shown below. In the main map canvas in QGIS, in this case, just don't zoom in too far or at least move the lower 48 states to the lower right of the map canvas. Once you know what causes this it's easy to deal with and then if it's really causing problems you can just use <i>Geometry by expression</i> to create a layer with the shapes actually moved and then this won't be an issue anyway!</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgf8VleVYFspTpLjZK_6739Rgj47xIekK4gMRQK5MQfm0v6ntRNc6jLFgjTl8Sjzke_viXOWXTFfrTjdtlTK2ZWBd5OCCeKZ_YSd9WviNNiaMaiGYvX6PLocMUI3OBGiBjyzwWVVnlun55ptYXnRv0_ibvwgtHlcavnu1IgmQ0iFtZyOqiobQANRT2saQ/s1450/FqObwfcWwAAHq2k.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="998" data-original-width="1450" height="275" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgf8VleVYFspTpLjZK_6739Rgj47xIekK4gMRQK5MQfm0v6ntRNc6jLFgjTl8Sjzke_viXOWXTFfrTjdtlTK2ZWBd5OCCeKZ_YSd9WviNNiaMaiGYvX6PLocMUI3OBGiBjyzwWVVnlun55ptYXnRv0_ibvwgtHlcavnu1IgmQ0iFtZyOqiobQANRT2saQ/w400-h275/FqObwfcWwAAHq2k.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Stop AK and HI disappearing</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><div>You may also find that your shapes (points, lines, polygons) disappear when you use a geometry generator expression even if you do it correctly and not for the zoom-in-too-far reason above. In this case it will be because you have used an expression such as centroid($geometry) on a polygon layer to display the polygon centroids but you have forgotten to change the geometry type - as shown in the screenshot below. So, if you are using a geometry generator expression to change the geometry type (e.g. polygons to points) you need to let QGIS know but all it involves is clicking on the Geometry type drop-down and then picking the right one. </div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf8CARb-6AarpIatXouo7MZNl0JRNglqzgUpEx6cvNtxs_EjdArkRIXPFd1Y_qSYKQ2MQUm6Lf0yZBw-PbDfF7J4YBnjswx2c8_M3vNlkPWWMnwF5Bi8bNf88um4sZ8blKKeK9k3ZTXyr8BPr0ewHwjbNCXvw_uwc_Rg1gPbbJuE1I-Z6LyHOETVPn4g/s1554/Geometry-type.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="864" data-original-width="1554" height="223" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf8CARb-6AarpIatXouo7MZNl0JRNglqzgUpEx6cvNtxs_EjdArkRIXPFd1Y_qSYKQ2MQUm6Lf0yZBw-PbDfF7J4YBnjswx2c8_M3vNlkPWWMnwF5Bi8bNf88um4sZ8blKKeK9k3ZTXyr8BPr0ewHwjbNCXvw_uwc_Rg1gPbbJuE1I-Z6LyHOETVPn4g/w400-h223/Geometry-type.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sometimes you also need to change the <b>Geometry type</b></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b>Where can I find out more?</b></h3><p>There aren't a huge number of resources out there on using geometry generators in QGIS. Well, maybe there are but they are kind of scattered across the internet and they vary in quality. But if you do want to know a bit more and see examples of all sorts of interesting use cases then here are a few resources I recommend.</p><p><br /></p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JF8wz5TuakI" target="_blank">Antonio Locandro on QGIS Geometry From Expression</a> (see his videos in general - they are very good).</li><li><a href="https://www.northrivergeographic.com/qgis-fun-geometry-by-expressions/" target="_blank">North River Geographic on Geometry by Expressions</a> (this is also fun)</li><li><a href="https://anitagraser.com/2017/04/08/a-guide-to-geometry-generator-symbol-layers/" target="_blank">Anita Graser</a> (the legend!) on using geometry generator symbol layers</li><li><a href="https://docs.qgis.org/3.22/en/docs/user_manual/style_library/symbol_selector.html?highlight=geometry%20generator#the-geometry-generator" target="_blank">The Geometry Generator page</a> from the QGIS 3.22 docs - note that the example here has multiple different expressions in it, with comments </li><li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0YxjJ-9zIJ0" target="_blank">An excellent video tutorial on Geometry Generator</a> by Klas Karlsson</li><li><a href="https://gitlab.com/GIS-projects/qgis-geometry-generator-examples" target="_blank">Lots of geometry generator examples</a>, by Michel Stuyts</li></ul><div>And of course you will also find lots of great geometry generator stuff <a href="https://twitter.com/search?q=geometry%20generator%20qgis&src=typed_query" target="_blank">if you search twitter</a>. I have particularly enjoyed the examples from Keith Jenkins.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><p></p><p></p>
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet"><p dir="ltr" lang="en">topical retweet <a href="https://t.co/x8lLaKhlcc">https://t.co/x8lLaKhlcc</a></p>— Alasdair Rae (@undertheraedar) <a href="https://twitter.com/undertheraedar/status/1580940010123296769?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">October 14, 2022</a></blockquote> <script async="" charset="utf-8" src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js"></script>Alasdair Raehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12959449302596057979noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6894643731791231365.post-65083467723931422682023-02-12T05:43:00.002-08:002023-02-12T05:43:34.627-08:00The most densely populated square km in the United States<p>The most densely populated square kilometre in the United States is on the Upper East Side in New York City. This is not a surprise, so in this long and slightly messy post I'll say a bit more about my attempts to calculate exactly where it is and how many people live there, using US Census 2020 data and a similar method to my previous post on <a href="http://www.statsmapsnpix.com/2023/02/where-is-most-densely-populated-square.html" target="_blank">the most densely populated square km of the United Kingdom</a>. I also attempt to find the most densely populated square kilometre in each state. If you're looking for more on methodology and data sources, scroll to the bottom of the page. If you want to know whether anywhere in the United States is <a href="https://twitter.com/undertheraedar/status/1622625736992468992?s=20&t=mfO-FwG0gaRdzGc9Gy9g2Q" target="_blank">as densely populated as in Europe</a> then read on, but the answer is: yes, New York City has higher densities than Europe, and a few other spots have European-level densities - but not very many. Time for some maps now. Based on my US-wide 1km x 1km grid, here is the maximum 1km cell population in the US, followed by maps for every state. Bear in mind that the highest value I found in Europe was just under 53,000 in the Barcelona metropolitan area (L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, to be more precise). The highest density in the UK is about 25,000 in a single square km (in east London). You can find high resolution versions of the maps below <a href="https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1aSdIMtuDpTE7aXGHA52GwCPi38YiVP9g?usp=sharing" target="_blank">in this web folder</a>.</p><h3 style="text-align: left;">The most densely populated area in the United States</h3><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2bbB3QPfIc7QhrSuczQzReMaN4m-XfphyJY1aGvEwe8ZDA7CJ8OYTYqAc2wvWjPakoRcNDuA-XQTgFLS7qmzHkAiY_a-JbaQ90ZeIYdwkP5hekFIUYR9U3kyO_y2BJduqxxZd_xm7rzNO-JeBlYCobYN13GzwQQTeScXAnSg5ETLMIgNbsbEA5-wvgw/s3543/66482_New%20York_NY.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3543" data-original-width="3543" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2bbB3QPfIc7QhrSuczQzReMaN4m-XfphyJY1aGvEwe8ZDA7CJ8OYTYqAc2wvWjPakoRcNDuA-XQTgFLS7qmzHkAiY_a-JbaQ90ZeIYdwkP5hekFIUYR9U3kyO_y2BJduqxxZd_xm7rzNO-JeBlYCobYN13GzwQQTeScXAnSg5ETLMIgNbsbEA5-wvgw/w400-h400/66482_New%20York_NY.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">This is basically population density central for the US</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div>How did I get the answer above? Well, first I created a 1km x 1km grid covering the whole US. After some experimentation, I settled on a grid configuration I was happy with. Put simply, I generated a continuous 1km x 1km grid covering the entire lower 48 states, as well as separate grids for Alaska and Hawaii. I also generated an alternative grid, plus some local variations to experiment with, but you'll see a bit more on that below. Then I assigned census block centroids to each grid square to give me an approximate population for each square km. This is never going to be a perfect fit but in my testing it came out pretty close. Again, you can see a bit more on that if you keep reading.</div><div><br /></div><div>Of the 161 1km grid squares I found in the United States with a population of more than 20,000 here are where they are:</div><div><br /></div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b>148 in New York City</b></li><li>4 in San Francisco</li><li>2 in Chicago</li><li>2 in Los Angeles</li><li>1 in Madison</li><li>1 in Miami</li><li>1 in Philadelphia</li><li>1 in Union City (NJ)</li><li>1 in West New York (NJ)</li></ul></div><div><p>The top 65 most dense 1km squares are all in New York. Then comes San Francisco. This is what it looks like when you put them on a map.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4ehQAaXFyyJVEOIqE11noxBb0ZWDFXHFotR2zh0DF4bltsQp_CxkLeB3RI9h50--hDKLm6L1X9vuuiye5X0cy2cPxCkaOCvL7eeVlHNLLfBFgy9L_-I5k6ix68kDqCcISmH0AX-_Yb6VYym-66p1Q7eCx5o8e1lNPEbcmVbPdrDe-Zbg55yklXaJjuA/s4213/161-squares-20k-plus.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2381" data-original-width="4213" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4ehQAaXFyyJVEOIqE11noxBb0ZWDFXHFotR2zh0DF4bltsQp_CxkLeB3RI9h50--hDKLm6L1X9vuuiye5X0cy2cPxCkaOCvL7eeVlHNLLfBFgy9L_-I5k6ix68kDqCcISmH0AX-_Yb6VYym-66p1Q7eCx5o8e1lNPEbcmVbPdrDe-Zbg55yklXaJjuA/w400-h226/161-squares-20k-plus.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Yes, there appears to be an 'odd one out' here</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>Just remember a few things as you read through this piece: <b>a) </b>moving the grid around will of course get you different results, but this is the same with all gridded population data - though mostly the results only change a bit - even so, grids are still useful; <b>b)</b> the populations are calculated using groups of census blocks, which don't align perfectly with the squares - that's why it says 'approximate population' on the images, and that's also why I used a blurred focal area around the squares, a nod to the fuzziness of things; <b>c) </b>this is US Census data from 2020, so it's about the best and most recent data there is; and <b>d) </b>my numbers are likely an underestimate because I chose to assign only those census blocks to each 1km square where the centroid falls within the square. This is a more conservative approach than if I'd use an intersect approach but I wanted to remain on the cautious side. </p><p>The approach of using a continuous grid over a whole country - or indeed the whole world - is pretty common these days and helps us compare areas on a like-for-like basis. Possibly my favourite approach to this is by the <a href="https://www.worldpop.org/methods/populations/" target="_blank">WorldPop project</a>, although there are many other sources (see below). If we just want to find a single cell with a higher population then we can of course do this without too much trouble. We'll still end up with the same answers in relation to where is 'most densely populated' but we'll get different numbers. Such an approach is not, of course, a uniformly gridded approach to understanding population density but it is quite good fun!</p><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">The most densely populated square km in each state (based on my 1km grid)</h3><div>Here we go, in reverse order, starting with Anchorage, and ending up with New York City. All these files, plus the other ones in this post, can be found in the <a href="https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1aSdIMtuDpTE7aXGHA52GwCPi38YiVP9g?usp=sharing" target="_blank">web folder</a> I created.</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-vJ1Iw47ixwPsgr4RDgvIo3X_2J9bmYGFcCuuq1fpEGkfMhggiYVRNXUEDkiZn83543liuux-iN5Gzk_Ms5mRpBWiXJYRDFPYmseKQnqYYzoTP9BoPfu7pDs_jeoYKs2-fsFpME1nAgYyS4lp-_8k6ESCgBtWvceDnEufrLyfrufefTWp7V1m39q_DQ/s3543/2165_Anchorage_AK.png"><img border="0" data-original-height="3543" data-original-width="3543" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-vJ1Iw47ixwPsgr4RDgvIo3X_2J9bmYGFcCuuq1fpEGkfMhggiYVRNXUEDkiZn83543liuux-iN5Gzk_Ms5mRpBWiXJYRDFPYmseKQnqYYzoTP9BoPfu7pDs_jeoYKs2-fsFpME1nAgYyS4lp-_8k6ESCgBtWvceDnEufrLyfrufefTWp7V1m39q_DQ/w400-h400/2165_Anchorage_AK.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggkU4XQZ_BlOy8EWi85YTgmnS2X_abwHPzXtxdDsb_ASnB4xVtCzUxeY0L3ciMBh9H4DfoYeeXqbpy1353yAl6LFRJtHi4G7BEXI5Un5FhSilrSFZG6Fd8uP-Sluf96QWQ04nJlSHAswmQjLf_3Z6cgOF6xqnBZ3p96vQ-ERAE9nZHB25rjSipVzfhAw/s3543/2664_Billings_MT.png" style="margin-left: 1em; 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margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3543" data-original-width="3543" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqqGHfUVIvsLs2IQAbodqOOFnhj3tbjxWguRhfE4Ac8dpx8FRaruLLX1iAAloI1lejQSVOQAJcw7w0RqZvaPlqyVXJhK25eUW1GqikLLTGFTqJULN8uWomcgU65jw6SyI1GfknP6S0vsCNXxKzAwXvQLz9jy_F7lwg7edNxSSyvXysjvBgvA1D0RugJg/s320/27182_San%20Francisco_CA.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijciqe06YYMGeUtyK3zSWiysizrqfo2mF9mbN-a44HGsZI3Qi7k0AhS_-6B4NchGLj9iNEF3PLGM6mSNAyJBAV8fn4-zPmIftBZe1lYQ9-u6RsQWqdNJsQhobntoH8f9LiXDqtXtqOuOhuzxSkaUdJqErdJFppIV3YLASZl4RlqGCUoqA0xWxJHw7UYg/s3543/66482_New%20York_NY.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3543" data-original-width="3543" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijciqe06YYMGeUtyK3zSWiysizrqfo2mF9mbN-a44HGsZI3Qi7k0AhS_-6B4NchGLj9iNEF3PLGM6mSNAyJBAV8fn4-zPmIftBZe1lYQ9-u6RsQWqdNJsQhobntoH8f9LiXDqtXtqOuOhuzxSkaUdJqErdJFppIV3YLASZl4RlqGCUoqA0xWxJHw7UYg/s320/66482_New%20York_NY.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p>There's a video file of this in the web folder, plus a slower version. Once again, I made all the maps using QGIS and automated the production of the individual files using the QGIS Atlas tool within QGIS.</p><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Alternative grids - higher/lower max values?</h3><p><i>Hmm, but what kind of result do you get if you shift the grid around a bit?</i> This is the question all the methods nerds want to know, and of course I do too so I also did this with another slightly different grid - for the lower 48 states only. Instead of 161 squares with 20,000 or more, I got 160 and basically all in the same locations. But let's look at a few of them here. The maximum in New York comes out lower, San Francisco comes out higher and a few other places are a bit different, as we might expect. But the overall story of density doesn't really change and still goes New York, New York, New York, etc. The top 36 squares are all in New York, but then we have a higher density square in San Francisco, because we moved the grid - now we get over 30,000 and if we keep shifting the grid we could get even higher - but of course that's not the method I'm using here, it's all about comparing things nationally on a like-for-like basis.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgifT_MWz4pYzxhtVWzYH9UYoHEHai7sakEOjPq-9gcRrKc32nZE2Sz2Y5JTjpNwZUiut0sANEC0u8El0Mqht6c0e8J570RTgW9WhB9d95rZOmNgRhg1PJxAlitk7rFz24tHJYeCQF_cdN56wwHdHZ2p1dSeVhTFBW0_28VA7r65fCA5e2azeCIq3G40Q/s3543/31565_San%20Francisco_CA.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3543" data-original-width="3543" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgifT_MWz4pYzxhtVWzYH9UYoHEHai7sakEOjPq-9gcRrKc32nZE2Sz2Y5JTjpNwZUiut0sANEC0u8El0Mqht6c0e8J570RTgW9WhB9d95rZOmNgRhg1PJxAlitk7rFz24tHJYeCQF_cdN56wwHdHZ2p1dSeVhTFBW0_28VA7r65fCA5e2azeCIq3G40Q/w400-h400/31565_San%20Francisco_CA.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">We get a higher value in this San Francisco square</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTzCh09xddfgEfdFeosptA6tTYTEdIDMEt_ITsWbd1_4gXApjOuWY12Q3whuqhs1UEyj0L8x3xAqObjUVWRcGr1kCWPtVBNVd7SFSR0OKA0w5B2cuyRmrqduNZdcmaGB8E-27MPG0fXEuPGuOr4lp2SQOujle6MaysBTJK8DyH5y2jELKTvfJeGXltvA/s3543/61644_New%20York_NY.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3543" data-original-width="3543" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTzCh09xddfgEfdFeosptA6tTYTEdIDMEt_ITsWbd1_4gXApjOuWY12Q3whuqhs1UEyj0L8x3xAqObjUVWRcGr1kCWPtVBNVd7SFSR0OKA0w5B2cuyRmrqduNZdcmaGB8E-27MPG0fXEuPGuOr4lp2SQOujle6MaysBTJK8DyH5y2jELKTvfJeGXltvA/w400-h400/61644_New%20York_NY.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">But we get a lower figure for max density in New York</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFUZfXMmfk-l5QQrYFHBHaG2jTvxDl3g3KVjxLCDBOEEkc0RCWs8_Id15T1ZZKGJo2wV_4jk5taFYtaGv-tXtdnsn8wMSMWKxqhHhQoecmqC2f4wCqeI6JZMYwwL0OGzdq-n5wRvjpZzDX2LDzuUvL6jITYoUBQLt2V0hGApMf9QXAkvNSfcFNT70ASg/s3543/27182_San%20Francisco_CA.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3543" data-original-width="3543" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFUZfXMmfk-l5QQrYFHBHaG2jTvxDl3g3KVjxLCDBOEEkc0RCWs8_Id15T1ZZKGJo2wV_4jk5taFYtaGv-tXtdnsn8wMSMWKxqhHhQoecmqC2f4wCqeI6JZMYwwL0OGzdq-n5wRvjpZzDX2LDzuUvL6jITYoUBQLt2V0hGApMf9QXAkvNSfcFNT70ASg/w400-h400/27182_San%20Francisco_CA.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Gridshift, for the win!</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb_8I6IarPP--9ocbK14-b1MpMOBoYieNqGhlboiS4rX9Sec-7WsfIeY2n1yZ8Q0hAENgXWEwdtXETaqZvUHM55R6nRC_64Bo6SU0NoVJM3HM316bbrk9rbMJqSDtdsjMqnv1dtE2XsPrWC6pvTP22yM7xTiju7w9ZZA6gdfn990k41ibpIiB0L-0Tvw/s3543/66482_New%20York_NY.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3543" data-original-width="3543" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb_8I6IarPP--9ocbK14-b1MpMOBoYieNqGhlboiS4rX9Sec-7WsfIeY2n1yZ8Q0hAENgXWEwdtXETaqZvUHM55R6nRC_64Bo6SU0NoVJM3HM316bbrk9rbMJqSDtdsjMqnv1dtE2XsPrWC6pvTP22yM7xTiju7w9ZZA6gdfn990k41ibpIiB0L-0Tvw/w400-h400/66482_New%20York_NY.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Gridshift, for the loss!</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>With my favoured grid, San Francisco ends up with 4 grid squares over 20,000 but with the shifted grid we get a higher maximum density value in one grid square but only 3 squares over 20,000. That's just the way grids and numbers work, of course. Here's where the four 20,000+ San Francisco squares are, followed by all the New York ones.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYPfcpLtpuIlanjoi_P2F14HTkJUMVOyguDwfIVsMSMZzURy8Ym5kPM7tDHJOmVJnAhCLDnWUyghFayDvcBWnuaZAJsAvIoeANt0EDkFXm45U5r9VTOl4EjPq5MKSVQWPU5M3wJbNpxpsslcOFIGNkWNu7Exu5_mx6U2-Q3umQd9say0su-MzOiZg5FQ/s2106/sf-20k-plus-osm.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1191" data-original-width="2106" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYPfcpLtpuIlanjoi_P2F14HTkJUMVOyguDwfIVsMSMZzURy8Ym5kPM7tDHJOmVJnAhCLDnWUyghFayDvcBWnuaZAJsAvIoeANt0EDkFXm45U5r9VTOl4EjPq5MKSVQWPU5M3wJbNpxpsslcOFIGNkWNu7Exu5_mx6U2-Q3umQd9say0su-MzOiZg5FQ/w400-h226/sf-20k-plus-osm.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Density!</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGYqWErR_eyP9VR0OAWs-H_O9jC_aPUhUMfjBcVFFXlDeaT5QYWDeQcmpVGGDFVLEE1BnNaijQbptMlZxe0hsoqw_25OmWFUw5wySZBeE7DkX-gYQaW7NtQpqcBAaexAfGwVgRs8ZID9HsH7pWhftgyXMRDNMJz3CD8wmlz2IsltKunJpaPEluJYRMLQ/s4210/sf-20k-plus.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2380" data-original-width="4210" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGYqWErR_eyP9VR0OAWs-H_O9jC_aPUhUMfjBcVFFXlDeaT5QYWDeQcmpVGGDFVLEE1BnNaijQbptMlZxe0hsoqw_25OmWFUw5wySZBeE7DkX-gYQaW7NtQpqcBAaexAfGwVgRs8ZID9HsH7pWhftgyXMRDNMJz3CD8wmlz2IsltKunJpaPEluJYRMLQ/w400-h226/sf-20k-plus.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Density, but projected differently</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD3VdbmGCIaLjb82K4tS9ehG27hA0Zg26f9G-_tPo6_T_g4CFP3WCZuSEWoDvm1v8Mq5_HXDx3bBgvG9hPzePMYp-W1a_EhfGtxGZxxroi4uZJO647NwE3bNi7hF_DfVcRiMGpiGjc2LigxM7U4KhRcSf80m_UOdHKcFGRcvsR_2jHs8T1Ei5q9DJpOg/s4213/nyc-20k-plus.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2381" data-original-width="4213" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD3VdbmGCIaLjb82K4tS9ehG27hA0Zg26f9G-_tPo6_T_g4CFP3WCZuSEWoDvm1v8Mq5_HXDx3bBgvG9hPzePMYp-W1a_EhfGtxGZxxroi4uZJO647NwE3bNi7hF_DfVcRiMGpiGjc2LigxM7U4KhRcSf80m_UOdHKcFGRcvsR_2jHs8T1Ei5q9DJpOg/w400-h226/nyc-20k-plus.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">New York (Den)City!</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>This all became a bit too interesting for me and I lost a few more hours than I intended to. You could spend days looking at the data but I'll move on now to say a few more things relating to the method.</p><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Compare the 1km grid to a messy census block grouping</h3><p>So, does assigning census block centroids to 1km grid squares stand up to scrutiny, given that census blocks don't generally align to perfect squares. Well, in the kinds of places we're interested in here (dense urban areas) the census blocks are very small and generally a reasonable fit. But even when they're not such a neat fit (like the example below from Burlington, Vermont) it's a pretty decent approximation for area and population.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTRhRqVsCCMidcBcPlfN3PwzPspOaBD5tf_A9RAq7CVS5-5ztDDt-_kneR_CNz6XP-Ohjf6SHYhj_yiGeweIO-UFp16_kH_Cb9ngNmQ4Q4KTUK0brTrDPEiGh27is5re4AchWIMygciwubIrYKLwkkWJk-dCIq0X7BOS2mfC5UqU7r70cMAjQlfOWP5A/s1180/burlington-vt-example.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="729" data-original-width="1180" height="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTRhRqVsCCMidcBcPlfN3PwzPspOaBD5tf_A9RAq7CVS5-5ztDDt-_kneR_CNz6XP-Ohjf6SHYhj_yiGeweIO-UFp16_kH_Cb9ngNmQ4Q4KTUK0brTrDPEiGh27is5re4AchWIMygciwubIrYKLwkkWJk-dCIq0X7BOS2mfC5UqU7r70cMAjQlfOWP5A/w400-h248/burlington-vt-example.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A bit of give and take round the edges, but not too bad</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>You can see from the screenshot above that the census blocks cover an area of just over 1.03 sq km the population of the area is 7,281. In some of the more sparsely populated areas we have less alignment to the grid but overall this is not a big problem for the kinds of dense urban areas we're mostly interested in here.</p><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Rotate/shift the grid to match the street pattern - how high can we go?</h3><p>Here's an example of an area I created in New York City using a group of census blocks. It comes out at a tiny bit over 1km square but the population is almost 75,000. For the purposes of what I was attempting here (i.e. a consistent 1km gridded approach across the whole US) this is basically cheating but for the purposes of finding a single 'most populous' square km, I think it's okay. I'm not sure you can find a more populated single square km in the United States, but be my guest. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnylVIpCNE7xY0rho8cP87YBH3-X8E1vRGhNDQRsLsFP3Rgr-IjkM9e5zbHMslZhdOrEDgqiUXKL9AGxvYqZuvRabXo4Kqluq8Hrf3MRFo6UAxTdSEVdgSLCR8dZOGldDqu74TCh7jBZYmItvcnQ1UWfCQi1O9EA5IkMz0qmGC9oXq7steeGlZ9JgaeA/s1021/nyc-75k-max-example.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="752" data-original-width="1021" height="295" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnylVIpCNE7xY0rho8cP87YBH3-X8E1vRGhNDQRsLsFP3Rgr-IjkM9e5zbHMslZhdOrEDgqiUXKL9AGxvYqZuvRabXo4Kqluq8Hrf3MRFo6UAxTdSEVdgSLCR8dZOGldDqu74TCh7jBZYmItvcnQ1UWfCQi1O9EA5IkMz0qmGC9oXq7steeGlZ9JgaeA/w400-h295/nyc-75k-max-example.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Just over 1 sq km, and not a square but it's 100% census blocks</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">Obviously the approach in the image above finds us a higher density area, but this is not an approach that can be applied consistently and continuously throughout the United States, or indeed the world. The whole point of using a gridded approach to population density is to have some kind of consistent basis for measurement, so that we can compare like-for-like. But I said that already more than once!</div><div><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: left;">Other odds and ends - e.g. college towns and prisons</h3><p>What you'll see if you scroll through the 'most dense by state' images is lots of big cities, but also lots of college towns. This is quite interesting to me and indeed when I was testing the method with a chunk of data I was qutie surprised to see such high density in Madison, Wisconsin. I didn't realise it was quite so high. So, as you scroll through the maps, you may have noticed this - e.g. Auburn (AL), Bowling Green (KY), Norman (OK), Ann Arbor (MI) and so on. I used to live right next to one of the high density squares in Columbus (OH) when I went to the Ohio State University so I know what these areas often feel like on the ground compared to, say, some of the European high density areas I've been looking at recently. Anyway, this was something that stood out to me.</p><p>What also stood out to me? <i>Well, this (below)!</i></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD1F4d1oej3RuBZ4Hws-pa0H3vN3DvUricCj2COGpZINr6-i0yrbeUIKyWWY9vJ9JTARjvU5NZFRFW6v3qcyOSGfE2A6IXwCTZEkNS23MmS66VtG4KgNGB0a7D-MyFYniTNSN53mXovnkF7GH9U1EeLleJgxB6KitswNIyTfxuhYq5XK33wn1LFDdZHA/s3543/10545_Houston_TX.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3543" data-original-width="3543" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD1F4d1oej3RuBZ4Hws-pa0H3vN3DvUricCj2COGpZINr6-i0yrbeUIKyWWY9vJ9JTARjvU5NZFRFW6v3qcyOSGfE2A6IXwCTZEkNS23MmS66VtG4KgNGB0a7D-MyFYniTNSN53mXovnkF7GH9U1EeLleJgxB6KitswNIyTfxuhYq5XK33wn1LFDdZHA/w400-h400/10545_Houston_TX.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ah, an error, surely! No, not an error.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>In my alternative grid layout and my original grid, Austin comes out as having the highest density 1km square in all of Texas. But in my alt grid this square (above) comes out as having more than 10,000 people - alongside one more in Houston and one in Austin. When you see this kind of thing you think 'hmm, doesn't look right' so then you have to investigate further. It's all parking lots, water and freeways so how on earth can it be home to more than 10,000 people? Well, the answer to that question is '<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_County,_Texas_jails" target="_blank">the Harris County jail facilities</a>'. They sit on the little chunk of land just above the centre of the square, surrounded on three sides by the water of Buffalo Bayou. Here's a direct quote from the Wikipedia page, as of 12 February 2023:</p><p></p><blockquote><p>As of October 2022, over 10,000 inmates are in the jail complex.</p><p></p></blockquote><p>You can read more about the facility in this <a href="https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/crime/article/Harris-County-jail-deaths-17486331.php" target="_blank">Houston Chronicle piece</a>, but I'm getting off track now (<a href="https://goo.gl/maps/4F3tjdqMVr3CWnBV8" target="_blank">Google Street View link</a>). Anyway, the numbers are correct but it's not the kind of density I was trying to map. </p><p>Likewise, it seems that the highest figure in Mississippi is also due to a correctional facility, as you can see below in the 'most dense' map from that state - in Yazoo City.</p><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEig2w2NspiBLIYH1vHQNpQVtfluv12YiEZ2Pt0BW_REQy9IhkjOYGp42geyuWnT-5uVvCS9c3KEq7Jm9axr3ABKony3WumfXa_ZXkuJ5yJFevBK2LCdA1gxg315eprCx7FvHzHR7VLRsuJSRtDcdx_itaun7INHZhHLBbLG5ARZ0HZnzjqVXT1FVkIoGg/s3543/3907_Yazoo%20City_MS.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3543" data-original-width="3543" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEig2w2NspiBLIYH1vHQNpQVtfluv12YiEZ2Pt0BW_REQy9IhkjOYGp42geyuWnT-5uVvCS9c3KEq7Jm9axr3ABKony3WumfXa_ZXkuJ5yJFevBK2LCdA1gxg315eprCx7FvHzHR7VLRsuJSRtDcdx_itaun7INHZhHLBbLG5ARZ0HZnzjqVXT1FVkIoGg/w400-h400/3907_Yazoo%20City_MS.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">I don't think I'd like to live here</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>What else? Oh yes, census blocks are usually very small with very low populations - after all there are more than 8 million of them (8,174,955 to be exact). But I did notice the most populous census block in the US had over 8,000 people in it - on UCLA's campus in Los Angeles (another place I just happen to have been to). A total of 17 census blocks have more than 5,000 people, 3 have more than 7,000 people (UCLA, one at Naval Station Norfolk (VA), plus the Houston jail complex), but the vast majority have way less than this.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE9fLUrgAzsScQuIBcTONIcOl2A3wl6EpbZlgmFd2Oe01vFDMIpCjSQ_EdVc8O_wf7cOehRkdcSeCnyNfInNPk2G-pNCNZ1qJPOSemp9XlUDMpjok8XZ6upWAmnrwyZ0yQkvwCCDI76IyIH6Ea9JsMzL1zHdcbfr-q_OWJ_dzZziYJXlT_A9tYGRNmOA/s983/max-ucla-block.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="855" data-original-width="983" height="348" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE9fLUrgAzsScQuIBcTONIcOl2A3wl6EpbZlgmFd2Oe01vFDMIpCjSQ_EdVc8O_wf7cOehRkdcSeCnyNfInNPk2G-pNCNZ1qJPOSemp9XlUDMpjok8XZ6upWAmnrwyZ0yQkvwCCDI76IyIH6Ea9JsMzL1zHdcbfr-q_OWJ_dzZziYJXlT_A9tYGRNmOA/w400-h348/max-ucla-block.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">UCLA for the win!</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>For the US Census geography nerds, here's a little summary of the census blocks population geopackage I was working from in QGIS - it worked pretty smoothly on my machine with no real lag at all despite being a good few gigabytes in size.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOmTPiZGnUdJRqSj2QYyDK-8_FrZAVuEotkYr2Hhfjp5S80AWbvyjheF9lHeBCuPYduLkCMOzU7Ic37-wVrbync-6lALEasxAxoxCGuhitQI5lOPAfruCixgS-wg0TFTvjYRVXLRn9fW5LT4FZN8yqN1mFz1dgOw68WF8g3uSdlp-_PMklhKND-AFvXA/s686/census-blocks.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="686" data-original-width="548" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOmTPiZGnUdJRqSj2QYyDK-8_FrZAVuEotkYr2Hhfjp5S80AWbvyjheF9lHeBCuPYduLkCMOzU7Ic37-wVrbync-6lALEasxAxoxCGuhitQI5lOPAfruCixgS-wg0TFTvjYRVXLRn9fW5LT4FZN8yqN1mFz1dgOw68WF8g3uSdlp-_PMklhKND-AFvXA/w320-h400/census-blocks.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">So, that UCLA one is a bit of an outlier!</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p><i>"The median population of a US census block in 2020 was 14"</i> is a phrase you can wheel out at parties during a lull in the conversation. After that, you can leave in disgrace or, depending upon the company you keep, move on to discuss the mean and standard deviation.</p><p>How many 1km squares from my grid had people in them and how many didn't? Well, I put the figure at about 25% with people, 75% without people, but as you know it all depends upon placement of the grid but I think that's a reasonable estimate.</p><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Welcome to the nerd zone (joke, you are <i>already </i><u>in</u> the nerd zone)</h3><p>It can be hard to work with this kind of data, but the source data for this post comes from census.gov. You can get the census block 2020 <a href="https://www.census.gov/geographies/mapping-files/time-series/geo/tiger-geodatabase-file.2020.html#list-tab-DGR6GEH7HHLC5IZ9K1" target="_blank">boundaries from the TIGER/Line Geodatabases page</a> and then import them into your software of choice. I used QGIS for this. The specific file you'll need is the <a href="https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TGRGDB20/tlgdb_2020_a_us_block.gdb.zip" target="_blank">Census Blocks National Geodatabase [5.8 GB] file</a>, and as you can see it's quite big - about 9GB unzipped. You can grab the population data - by state, I couldn't find a whole-US file - on the <a href="https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/01-Redistricting_File--PL_94-171/?" target="_blank">01-Redistricting_File--PL_94-171</a> page. It's terribly unwieldy in my opinion but I couldn't find a simple csv anywhere, or something like it. I eventually ended up with a set of census block centroids, with a 5 fields and just the population data, and it came in at 1.2GB, so not too bad considering there are 8,174,955 records in the dataset.</p><p>The folk at ESRI have done a lot of <a href="https://www.esri.com/arcgis-blog/products/arcgis-living-atlas/data-management/hosting-2020-census-to-living-atlas/" target="_blank">hard work</a> for anyone who wants the ready-made file by putting it on their <a href="https://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=b3642e91b49548f5af772394b0537681" target="_blank">USA Census 2020 Redistricting Blocks</a> page, but once again it's <a href="https://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=b3642e91b49548f5af772394b0537681" target="_blank">a whopper of a Geodatabase</a> file! Nonetheless, so long as your computer is up to it, you can fairly easily load this into ArcGIS or QGIS and get up and running. I was working with a geopackage in QGIS that I made and it was very smooth and fast when using either the 1.2GB centroids file or the full 12GB everything-in-it file.</p><p><i>My method was more or less the same as I <a href="http://www.statsmapsnpix.com/2023/02/where-is-most-densely-populated-square.html" target="_blank">used for the UK</a>.</i> Here's what I did:</p><p><b>1.</b> Plot area centroids, which in this case are census blocks, the very smallest geography used by the US Census Bureau. </p><p><b>2.</b> I used a centroid definition ('point on surface' in QGIS) that made sure the centroids were within each census block, no matter its shape - to avoid those banana shapes causing the old 'centroid not in shape' problem.</p><p><b>3. </b>Create a 1km grid for the lower 48 states, and again for each of Alaska and Hawaii. I only did this once for AK and HI, but I tried different grids for the lower 48. I also did this manually in a few places, including New York, San Francisco, Burlington (VT), and Madison (WI). The nice thing about the New York and San Francisco examples is that the street grid pattern allows you get things lined up nicely with the grid-shaped blocks in these areas.</p><p><b>4. </b>Aggregate the point data to each 1km cell across the US. Obviously this means the numbers are not exact because only very rarely do blocks align with the edges of 1km squares. But, in the most densely populated areas the blocks are tiny and the numbers in each 1km square are a reasonable approximation of the true numbers. There's a bit of give and take on this - some blocks end up not being counted because their centroid is just outside the 1km grid square and some do get counted for the opposite reason. In very rural areas this kind of falls apart a bit because blocks are much bigger there, but since I am not interested in rural areas here that's not an issue. But, just remember that the numbers reported for single square 1km grid cells are approximations - close to the true figures, no doubt - but not exact.</p><p><b>5. </b>Experiment with different grid configurations. This last part could go on forever! But I think my results are <b>a)</b> defensible and <b>b)</b> a good reflection of the situation on the ground - i.e. I've arrived at the correct answer in relation to where the highest density location is - but we really didn't need GIS to do that.</p><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b>Will you get different figures if you move the grid?</b> </h3><p>Yes, of course, but you could do this forever and there is no perfect grid configuration. This is always going to be the case with gridded population data, from <a href="https://ghsl.jrc.ec.europa.eu/index.php" target="_blank">GHSL</a> to <a href="https://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/mapping/popest/pes-v3/" target="_blank">NASA</a> and everything in between (e.g. <a href="https://dataforgood.facebook.com/dfg/tools/high-resolution-population-density-maps" target="_blank">Meta's high resolution population density maps</a>). That's why I often experiment with different grid placements and configurations, but I nearly always find the same places come out on top - and this is definitely the case with the United States. </p><p>No matter what grid you use and how you rotate it, the Upper East Side in New York City is going to have the highest population density. But it would be interesting to run this programmatically to try to find the max 1km density possible. I suspect that would be a lot of wasted effort to find somewhere that has a couple hundred more than ones you could find manually, particularly given the gridded nature of Manhattan's census blocks. </p><div>No matter how you shuffle the square around, the most densely populated area of the United States is to be found on the Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City. See below for a screenshot of some of my experiments - including using a square mile grid. The red dots are census block centroids, which have the population data attached to them, and then they get assigned to a grid square. </div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSfJzqRIw1HhiA_lNrtwlRL-H9ebzMysXqkAGE3xsDQ3RsIflcv8HZ52kqPOXwj1a8bgIvg0OX7N1r8uWqctXWxHWM6wi1ENRJLkldkK7qnI6RHQx30HKbtbZDYUGqjvbLhWEXty2tb_VXgiyhJ8kpG-yWNY3waqjyMsQZ5TyKB7c1RzFQtUrHUQDXYg/s1080/nyc-example-2.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="846" data-original-width="1080" height="314" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSfJzqRIw1HhiA_lNrtwlRL-H9ebzMysXqkAGE3xsDQ3RsIflcv8HZ52kqPOXwj1a8bgIvg0OX7N1r8uWqctXWxHWM6wi1ENRJLkldkK7qnI6RHQx30HKbtbZDYUGqjvbLhWEXty2tb_VXgiyhJ8kpG-yWNY3waqjyMsQZ5TyKB7c1RzFQtUrHUQDXYg/w400-h314/nyc-example-2.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The big square is a square mile</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><div><b>Hey, we use square miles in the US, not that km nonsense! </b></div><p>I did this using square kilometres because that's what I did previously for the UK and Europe and I wanted to be able to compare things. I also did it in square miles for the US but the answer to the research question is the same - the Upper East Side of New York City is the most densely populated area. Obviously square miles are fine too but like I said I wanted this to be comparable to what I've already done for the UK and for the whole of Europe so I used square km, and that's why I'm reporting it here using these units.</p><p>Having said that, let's have one more map, this time with an estimate for the highest single density square mile in the United States. Where is it? We already know the answer to that - New York City's Upper East Side.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYdCKYT86pxCHigXN6_aAWnA6tORLDdBlyOjdV3sNuRfZb4k1uD6JkSVEe9SfYEQBX-Wf6Uznozj1BSnejX5dpQtaVuKtjMswu1sLSCl_Z9guwp5FeAc1nK7BYhHKIPuxnduI0DGH3ssfzTpXJH1OJ0gZ_0hchgMeZrBOORLbphy3qE8KG_68NgFvH0w/s2872/max-square-mile.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2481" data-original-width="2872" height="345" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYdCKYT86pxCHigXN6_aAWnA6tORLDdBlyOjdV3sNuRfZb4k1uD6JkSVEe9SfYEQBX-Wf6Uznozj1BSnejX5dpQtaVuKtjMswu1sLSCl_Z9guwp5FeAc1nK7BYhHKIPuxnduI0DGH3ssfzTpXJH1OJ0gZ_0hchgMeZrBOORLbphy3qE8KG_68NgFvH0w/w400-h345/max-square-mile.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Upper East Side wins again</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>Is density good? Is it bad? The answer is up to you. I'm not trying to make a case for either position here but I am interested in the question of density in general and that's why I've been <a href="http://www.statsmapsnpix.com/2020/04/population-density-in-europe.html" target="_blank">writing about it and making maps of it</a> for a long time.</p></div><br />Alasdair Raehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12959449302596057979noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6894643731791231365.post-83340652163898323072023-02-04T17:38:00.005-08:002023-02-05T01:12:21.605-08:00Where is the most densely populated square kilometre in the UK?<p>After the recent release of England and Wales Census data for 2021 I decided to take a quick look at which areas have the highest population density. I've done this kind of thing before, for the <a href="http://www.statsmapsnpix.com/2018/01/the-most-densely-populated-square.html" target="_blank">whole of Europe</a> and also in relation to thinking about measures of population density more generally - in short, my view is that using the arithmetic mean approach to density makes very little sense at the country level because it doesn't reflect how we actually experience density (unless we live somewhere like Monaco). That's why I came up with the very simple idea of using '<a href="https://theconversation.com/think-your-country-is-crowded-these-maps-reveal-the-truth-about-population-density-across-europe-90345" target="_blank">lived density</a>' instead. But this piece is about my attempt to find the area of the UK with the highest population density in a single square km. And note that I say 'in the UK' in the title because the highest density area of the UK is within London - the highest densities in (e.g.) Glasgow, Edinburgh, Cardiff or Belfast are about half that of London's densest areas. Here's where I think the most densely populated square kilometre in the UK is, based on 2021 Census data.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuvqMGLymSXOntxH3ELvm8mphPq-BPF1ww57c3SyjxpvXDysul3EpoJo80sVhOfRPvyMwd3yNuKitvIu80OPxZonwfc6A2UOnfXhYXebCdFPhfrlgvAO8NmTPe-JBS1w4UQuWQ8vUnGlxDafafBjsxEswSk7ztRz0zuayN4x4OIDoLzxGvNDmI1p4FIA/s1771/uk-most-dense-bow-2021-24k.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1771" data-original-width="1771" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuvqMGLymSXOntxH3ELvm8mphPq-BPF1ww57c3SyjxpvXDysul3EpoJo80sVhOfRPvyMwd3yNuKitvIu80OPxZonwfc6A2UOnfXhYXebCdFPhfrlgvAO8NmTPe-JBS1w4UQuWQ8vUnGlxDafafBjsxEswSk7ztRz0zuayN4x4OIDoLzxGvNDmI1p4FIA/w400-h400/uk-most-dense-bow-2021-24k.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">This is the answer to my question - read on to see how I got here</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>Here's a map of the southeast of England (mostly) showing 1km density - brighter colours = higher density. There are a few very high density areas outside London, but not necessarily exactly where you might expect.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS8uI6lGX41OzDlHSN1lJlIo4Y5GwqlxQtKd4BopRon5IpKbpRyAizlujIP5BmsdgVWGxGqZpux4TsqEPvKc8v4veftNAeL7hdO7N8QUPRCEpBSK3fHsG2h1DzfMLCmaZbmVFa5f-ofnbE8XX6yFk4VP4BMd7FYvnKFghAntG1HcGU7mGF8H6oISombw/s4897/south-east-england-1km.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2678" data-original-width="4897" height="219" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS8uI6lGX41OzDlHSN1lJlIo4Y5GwqlxQtKd4BopRon5IpKbpRyAizlujIP5BmsdgVWGxGqZpux4TsqEPvKc8v4veftNAeL7hdO7N8QUPRCEpBSK3fHsG2h1DzfMLCmaZbmVFa5f-ofnbE8XX6yFk4VP4BMd7FYvnKFghAntG1HcGU7mGF8H6oISombw/w400-h219/south-east-england-1km.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">No big shock to find London has the highest densities</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>That London has the highest population density areas of the whole UK is not a surprise. Previously my calculations on the highest population densities in London led to figures in the range of 20,000 to 25,000 people in a single square km. But of course this refers to residential density, and my previous calculations arrived at a figure of about 120,000 people in a single square km for <i><b>daytime </b></i>population density (see below, where the top figure is daytime population and the bottom figure is residential).</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjjc5gpXoAPV4zTEMoq0Y0PIU27s-L6ICgxNfwovM-MlYMypmwDp14pQp5X37Xo51oi7JNjB5OvW-8yIkvcmdh9obqHdUwMxU1krf7RzbIoWhafaQ3aEI45h5RI0TJu_iTAoK63_xzIFamund695u9AB-GU27dy2nFltPo2I8C7W0Bs0-Cjb0Z1OV14w/s1600/daytime-density-max.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1600" height="203" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjjc5gpXoAPV4zTEMoq0Y0PIU27s-L6ICgxNfwovM-MlYMypmwDp14pQp5X37Xo51oi7JNjB5OvW-8yIkvcmdh9obqHdUwMxU1krf7RzbIoWhafaQ3aEI45h5RI0TJu_iTAoK63_xzIFamund695u9AB-GU27dy2nFltPo2I8C7W0Bs0-Cjb0Z1OV14w/w400-h203/daytime-density-max.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Daytime density in parts of Central London is over 100,000 per sq km</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>The centres of cities such as Manchester and Birmingham in particular have some pretty high densities - over 10,000 per sq km - but London has by far the highest density and the largest number of areas above 15,000 per square km in relation to residential population density. If you're interested in <i>daytime </i>(i.e. workday) population density then <a href="http://www.statsmapsnpix.com/2018/03/daytime-population-density.html" target="_blank">I wrote about that in a previous post</a>.</p><p><b>Okay, so where was I? </b>Yes, trying to find the single square km in the UK with the highest population density. I can say UK with some confidence even though I'm only using data for England and Wales, like I've already said, because my previous analysis shows that the answer is definitely in London.</p><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">How do we estimate where the highest density is?</h3><p>First of all, we attach the output area population data from the 2021 census to the 2021 output area boundaries and we get something pretty uninspiring, like the basic map below. There are over 180,000 output areas and they are quite small. This was all done in QGIS, but I've not really bothered trying to make it look pretty here because I just wanted to find the answer.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIEBiMbWhYIT2lLz1Bk-nmCIXa7a90JR_S_jrG46w40E6PfLqi1INgpDanXeHBTAFs9Pffo3YAifV5Y32Am089VeFJO_hItTK8ztzIZIHUX51VvNK2by3vFd5yX5U7vsNxNEu00j6PJzTGkC4QwviMh7pwQiZkVUTBNNuA1VRyBrNDpq5v4ija8cOY9Q/s1459/oa-boundaries.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="835" data-original-width="1459" height="229" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIEBiMbWhYIT2lLz1Bk-nmCIXa7a90JR_S_jrG46w40E6PfLqi1INgpDanXeHBTAFs9Pffo3YAifV5Y32Am089VeFJO_hItTK8ztzIZIHUX51VvNK2by3vFd5yX5U7vsNxNEu00j6PJzTGkC4QwviMh7pwQiZkVUTBNNuA1VRyBrNDpq5v4ija8cOY9Q/w400-h229/oa-boundaries.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">All output areas, with 2021 population data</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>Then we create a 1km grid that covers all of England and Wales. At this point I should point out that the answers you get when doing any kind of 'per sq km' calculation do of course depend upon where you draw your grid Shift it a little up or down, or left or right and you will obviously get slightly different results. But not radically different numbers (as we'll see later on). Also, if you're using output areas to do population density calculations - instead of a 1km grid - then your numbers won't make a lot of sense because the vast majority of them (90%) are under 1km in size. </p><p>In fact, most output areas are <i>tiny</i>, as in the example from the Isle of Dogs in London (below), where we see one output area with a density figure of over 142,000 people per square km - but of course it's WAY smaller than a square km, which are illustrated with the big black lines and the big numbers. Using a population density figure like this would make no sense. This stuff is pretty obvious but sometimes people quote these kinds of figures without realising how small output areas actually are.</p><p><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4rHc171Cr0tQXTMxXZGII8LcwdfHendrvtROA0Axc0O5TaryyMBF_yQJcmgp6fbrLlFRWFvGprQQBB-FMCnuhsS1vR-xiNxMuiJgmk3I6etu8yrM2fHQF15evWNcEMHty0cve5bQan5NS1aIjyw3cFnHLKvwRtK2t03y40779m4v9dv8LvnQhgnAgUQ/s994/isle-of-dogs-density.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="821" data-original-width="994" height="330" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4rHc171Cr0tQXTMxXZGII8LcwdfHendrvtROA0Axc0O5TaryyMBF_yQJcmgp6fbrLlFRWFvGprQQBB-FMCnuhsS1vR-xiNxMuiJgmk3I6etu8yrM2fHQF15evWNcEMHty0cve5bQan5NS1aIjyw3cFnHLKvwRtK2t03y40779m4v9dv8LvnQhgnAgUQ/w400-h330/isle-of-dogs-density.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dense? Yes. 140,000 per sq km? No.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>Once I had the 1km grid overlaid on England and Wales I think used population-weighted centroids for the output areas and assigned them each to a single 1km grid square and then added up the total population in each. This is of course not perfect because output areas don't align perfectly with the grid but it's close enough in the areas of interest to take us closer to a plausible answer. Here's what that looks like in part of Manchester and Birmingham - messy maps but you get the point. The big numbers are the 1km cell populations and the small numbers are the output area populations.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmSiRXAwVi_adHgrb3p-8gSyfuLVi_gxgc3-wig7QImK7ixOK7SwvOzG2a0X0yHjDHaEeZ_MPbqEB2hbNdVbV-Qq3XjaPV5qRtC1kxi9VJ8c-dfutVD3cRTdShrq3ITcheXufIAkaUw8LQGyEzLPBJ9TBZ980b8B8bXh5cNnpquqgaJljNrTe-oGNEBg/s1515/central-manchester.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="818" data-original-width="1515" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmSiRXAwVi_adHgrb3p-8gSyfuLVi_gxgc3-wig7QImK7ixOK7SwvOzG2a0X0yHjDHaEeZ_MPbqEB2hbNdVbV-Qq3XjaPV5qRtC1kxi9VJ8c-dfutVD3cRTdShrq3ITcheXufIAkaUw8LQGyEzLPBJ9TBZ980b8B8bXh5cNnpquqgaJljNrTe-oGNEBg/w400-h216/central-manchester.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Central Manchester wasn't like this 20 years ago</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZDJZeHUYCnRmaE1fWxV4QIXaQq3a4JP9dwu88LN1eOBetXI1yr8eOLGW_11pAcggNW2s3vF38IcW5XVepg6n3DtDexuismKRuxBoNg_qZ53UYATgxO_GB5nGPArUSCwpJPvHaA86Dg4JRnH4H_7fB63kj0ZHSJdWSITcYeEzJDW3GA7T4CLT6aDvpMg/s1536/sparkhill.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="820" data-original-width="1536" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZDJZeHUYCnRmaE1fWxV4QIXaQq3a4JP9dwu88LN1eOBetXI1yr8eOLGW_11pAcggNW2s3vF38IcW5XVepg6n3DtDexuismKRuxBoNg_qZ53UYATgxO_GB5nGPArUSCwpJPvHaA86Dg4JRnH4H_7fB63kj0ZHSJdWSITcYeEzJDW3GA7T4CLT6aDvpMg/w400-h214/sparkhill.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">This rivals parts of London for density</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>Okay, so what next? Well, next was to filter for all those square km with more than 15,000 people. Bear in mind that at this stage we are still talking in rough figures because of the mismatch between output area boundaries and the grid - an example of this is shown below but you can see it's not a <i>terrible </i>fit - only those output areas with their population-weighted centroid within the 1km square are added to that square's total. So the overlapping ones with most population outside are assigned to a neighbouring square. Again, not perfect, but logical. The big numbers here are the population in each square - with only squares with more than 15,000 shown and labelled.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF-DARf0kNlYOqWbK3BMLbRehGBQcmlOmeSXsFTWfiLUMwcc7eRtIgWt6xWvsR6nLzHmer1nhKf4G4-eUa3zrYWT8IVgeZzM0XuvafmXKbeWpLpgt_iTxEDMsNiDFvDHVeTsONoVETyS8FmAP1kJuNgUhtGQL8S41ayfPIl5RvMqhubJOp2Kf-f9dl8Q/s1074/assign-to-grid.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="821" data-original-width="1074" height="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF-DARf0kNlYOqWbK3BMLbRehGBQcmlOmeSXsFTWfiLUMwcc7eRtIgWt6xWvsR6nLzHmer1nhKf4G4-eUa3zrYWT8IVgeZzM0XuvafmXKbeWpLpgt_iTxEDMsNiDFvDHVeTsONoVETyS8FmAP1kJuNgUhtGQL8S41ayfPIl5RvMqhubJOp2Kf-f9dl8Q/w400-h306/assign-to-grid.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">This is just of City Road in London</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>Surprised by the grid squares I found (below) that have more than 15,000 people? I did think Manchester would crack this list but not based on the 1km grid I used. Apart from that it's mostly what I'd expect. There's one square in each of Leeds, Birmingham, Leicester and Brighton and 63 in London. You might get some others in other places if you were to shuffle the grid around a bit. For example, I tried this in Portsmouth (a relatively very dense city) where the highest values on my 1km grid were approaching 14,000 per sq km. I managed to get a figure of 15,509 in a single square km by manually placing the square somewhere else (see below). But in these cases no matter what you do you're not going to reach London densities.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrBJfLAx01any09yv4uBeOYbEiMsTP98bpOh3qxHxLH7ltmncQMXod0K5MEX7az9cZ-_nZ2rRwWq-AToIMfX1fGnZupZKovFxdhK_JdPw_zSf1OoGnXSvbQzP1uJX0vuNFrjccQj-1cU3BsXO-Li--l1-aVnZnHhVFyeLAh1xWBt6CvS9KoW_cDWzuRw/s996/portsmouth.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="758" data-original-width="996" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrBJfLAx01any09yv4uBeOYbEiMsTP98bpOh3qxHxLH7ltmncQMXod0K5MEX7az9cZ-_nZ2rRwWq-AToIMfX1fGnZupZKovFxdhK_JdPw_zSf1OoGnXSvbQzP1uJX0vuNFrjccQj-1cU3BsXO-Li--l1-aVnZnHhVFyeLAh1xWBt6CvS9KoW_cDWzuRw/w400-h305/portsmouth.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Portsmouth is a very dense city for the UK</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8U5oIUrcMtnC2RPMhysF0tF38DQXOd9iMxHwO5-v2WB2ayyANlh0Atj9TdguvNC34IuTrsNPtv6pMoAr4l3Q0bmgIg77OX08wcacuumX94Z215QjG-yfoDOcQadNAI2E7iWNcpkEUCyHdocUEqy1qL8qTgkdsiH1fKhQ8d48WTqTd1DyLu18opgiQUw/s998/15k-plus.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="761" data-original-width="998" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8U5oIUrcMtnC2RPMhysF0tF38DQXOd9iMxHwO5-v2WB2ayyANlh0Atj9TdguvNC34IuTrsNPtv6pMoAr4l3Q0bmgIg77OX08wcacuumX94Z215QjG-yfoDOcQadNAI2E7iWNcpkEUCyHdocUEqy1qL8qTgkdsiH1fKhQ8d48WTqTd1DyLu18opgiQUw/w400-h305/15k-plus.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The 67 1km squares with more than 15,000 people</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>Here are some zoomed-in versions showing the location of the highest density 1km squares across England (it's likely that these are also the highest in the whole UK, given that when I last did this Glasgow and Edinburgh had max densities of about 12,000 in any single square).</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMLaYrzrohm11Mlu45Oi5jGQYb-qcNCJFe99rrZnpLYhm0Od0JuUelDW0V_GxcBttzyxENLBwb1vOu-1cZV4_6_57t2rg1nHgOPFbIfh_cAUK71nlXHQCDJmRZMk6EMuYfrZ_OGXkw5hTRNgLSjLX5u_pdvIjqIj6C8WbBM_AOY9UqTwcy5F1XkyBLOg/s1561/15k-birmingham.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1191" data-original-width="1561" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMLaYrzrohm11Mlu45Oi5jGQYb-qcNCJFe99rrZnpLYhm0Od0JuUelDW0V_GxcBttzyxENLBwb1vOu-1cZV4_6_57t2rg1nHgOPFbIfh_cAUK71nlXHQCDJmRZMk6EMuYfrZ_OGXkw5hTRNgLSjLX5u_pdvIjqIj6C8WbBM_AOY9UqTwcy5F1XkyBLOg/w400-h305/15k-birmingham.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">This is the Birmingham one</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_CUIz2T1JPKbPlye-XyheWmiwU8Tfsu5X3J6GlAzu8FQg_xcQcGvP65TR1tyYwSM3C_Fl01kyB6DCaz7Fz2ONHJ2J5_SO4teO6-9U7Z2IDADU_9bEi7lXw7we4YHuQxm3M7vMQsh8qKucaqI07xLIqgqzQVbiWRda7tQIUT1TU59Z81qUN4wKyit-Ug/s1561/15k-brighton.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1191" data-original-width="1561" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_CUIz2T1JPKbPlye-XyheWmiwU8Tfsu5X3J6GlAzu8FQg_xcQcGvP65TR1tyYwSM3C_Fl01kyB6DCaz7Fz2ONHJ2J5_SO4teO6-9U7Z2IDADU_9bEi7lXw7we4YHuQxm3M7vMQsh8qKucaqI07xLIqgqzQVbiWRda7tQIUT1TU59Z81qUN4wKyit-Ug/w400-h305/15k-brighton.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">This is the Brighton one</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaQVgO4uAnyEZEHfM-_8GqzPOEjfJQ2meepRb4upLyYEpsbLJPWyPkHBBB8oXr9Cgm1iuj3ETnQ6GTZ0DfpAgfgnQIuU9XRmCfJODm-LTamRB72dSC1Gk-H-yWDF5l9fKg4Xcj5q81zXHzthiirRVscF6-7gDzb9r0Cz0uyybuJr_QYe2tUs6cYRQYMg/s1561/15k-leeds.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1191" data-original-width="1561" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaQVgO4uAnyEZEHfM-_8GqzPOEjfJQ2meepRb4upLyYEpsbLJPWyPkHBBB8oXr9Cgm1iuj3ETnQ6GTZ0DfpAgfgnQIuU9XRmCfJODm-LTamRB72dSC1Gk-H-yWDF5l9fKg4Xcj5q81zXHzthiirRVscF6-7gDzb9r0Cz0uyybuJr_QYe2tUs6cYRQYMg/w400-h305/15k-leeds.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">This is the Leeds one</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiF-gw7_zYmUNcTcRGDdnShw0rrjsN8uhZ8pGcNcUZ3eByvQvsvlbN52yXT0a8xpq0KykWfUsoFX6ye_mh2CCOBRjOm3kKzI-OFyi55hNKIps75Or8hkNXb2vA9-UcDun4kItjHeBwH7c34JXRD7jRNhsDySLrN5u3Ss2SYsBzccWRhSaHE8EI4NMKLxQ/s1561/15k-leiester.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1191" data-original-width="1561" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiF-gw7_zYmUNcTcRGDdnShw0rrjsN8uhZ8pGcNcUZ3eByvQvsvlbN52yXT0a8xpq0KykWfUsoFX6ye_mh2CCOBRjOm3kKzI-OFyi55hNKIps75Or8hkNXb2vA9-UcDun4kItjHeBwH7c34JXRD7jRNhsDySLrN5u3Ss2SYsBzccWRhSaHE8EI4NMKLxQ/w400-h305/15k-leiester.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">This is the Leicester one, to the east of the train station</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipmqPSkLyC3jx0590VI5IHPy8neJ6cByE_MvmyXFm8guYAeRuP4WzWRopdxYOIge3CYsRhhHHE7KP-AS61rWS271AIP7lWJFYsqXjU9HV6vO9ykvmQ-1C6971RBBYary-SGEzKSDJTgJizImKRsArzgyHlz_viIaNvSlj2wui3xtWaJJLJqZT5xlkfsQ/s1561/15k-london.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1191" data-original-width="1561" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipmqPSkLyC3jx0590VI5IHPy8neJ6cByE_MvmyXFm8guYAeRuP4WzWRopdxYOIge3CYsRhhHHE7KP-AS61rWS271AIP7lWJFYsqXjU9HV6vO9ykvmQ-1C6971RBBYary-SGEzKSDJTgJizImKRsArzgyHlz_viIaNvSlj2wui3xtWaJJLJqZT5xlkfsQ/w400-h305/15k-london.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The 63 London 1km squares, with population labels</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><h3 style="text-align: left;">Okay, get to the point mate</h3><p>Run another filter and this time do it for over 20,000 in any single square km and what do you get? You get the map below, with three possible candidates for 'most densely populated square km in the UK'.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfX62m0CyH2_Zoj37hKqp-37eeKYDQKzzg4VwEwokpaJQTDKmC889S_NcWEM3DWUVywH600JysqjUGaM-FyG49EzOduI_gvCRQiHjLFDJSt07wFbgWF5TqBulYnAGgBZw3IBOz5ZJKIsRN97_lT99si8DVavFDsznLUEjnSaMDtr8VoDiu7YZpkSCRYw/s1561/20k-london.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1191" data-original-width="1561" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfX62m0CyH2_Zoj37hKqp-37eeKYDQKzzg4VwEwokpaJQTDKmC889S_NcWEM3DWUVywH600JysqjUGaM-FyG49EzOduI_gvCRQiHjLFDJSt07wFbgWF5TqBulYnAGgBZw3IBOz5ZJKIsRN97_lT99si8DVavFDsznLUEjnSaMDtr8VoDiu7YZpkSCRYw/w400-h305/20k-london.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">These areas all seem like plausible answers to my question</td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /></p><p>See below for the zoomed in versions showing more detail. The reason they are tilted slightly in this one and the maps above is because I changed the map projection so that the OpenStreetMap layer (© OpenStreetMap contributors) is nice and crisp because if you show it using the British National Grid projection it comes out a bit fuzzy, that's all. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFTV-MozbaNSjzw9jvapCJ1dhTkvotpLsw2sBlDFFf2BPmAQTN8vJI1Y8wQNgZbwkh9ULLoYsoz3wsV5-sTywP4ERffdxzxaMMHe2Fc8gstaAX6_ZUZ_VhmuLrFAxI7l584R2Z6GZBHQzNTyyGZ3PAUD6Yg4w27H8coO4h3ekyykVv6uMIehx3DTG9kg/s1873/london-1.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1429" data-original-width="1873" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFTV-MozbaNSjzw9jvapCJ1dhTkvotpLsw2sBlDFFf2BPmAQTN8vJI1Y8wQNgZbwkh9ULLoYsoz3wsV5-sTywP4ERffdxzxaMMHe2Fc8gstaAX6_ZUZ_VhmuLrFAxI7l584R2Z6GZBHQzNTyyGZ3PAUD6Yg4w27H8coO4h3ekyykVv6uMIehx3DTG9kg/w400-h305/london-1.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Notice London Marylebone in the square here</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgx_evxOmFN_pxh7wxMCFFdhU5KCDJ15bFVgS8bLJTvWzkopxkIK5MiK6v9w9ZYP-feeH4VBS6nQgDV-8l8sp8MzmgcS-cbf8qITHHiI8Rv3Fzm-gscXnQy1mClyfHfD4Yvg68sKCQn4VLIcG7_ZQPRxAuWbuNfMnNxs4HiRWmTcQczHX0ssRbTlibP5g/s1561/london-2.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1191" data-original-width="1561" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgx_evxOmFN_pxh7wxMCFFdhU5KCDJ15bFVgS8bLJTvWzkopxkIK5MiK6v9w9ZYP-feeH4VBS6nQgDV-8l8sp8MzmgcS-cbf8qITHHiI8Rv3Fzm-gscXnQy1mClyfHfD4Yvg68sKCQn4VLIcG7_ZQPRxAuWbuNfMnNxs4HiRWmTcQczHX0ssRbTlibP5g/w400-h305/london-2.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bow Common Gas Works in the centre here</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcj4AhgQsx71R2BnPIh0fksJYzwoEP0RFCyf1b38ZMVF5PfvyHTdHwV3hfJRh7yMHiIvw69XVS5z3kdinDJphKvkQlTWfQz6pAvOtSHncsy9rtfR7LrvleeLwpDps4UIoWfDhGFvsX7jYh25BSlay6ctKmzExT7AdnJ6L3KzHJw-bBjEL7rGeBKknoIw/s1561/london-3.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1191" data-original-width="1561" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcj4AhgQsx71R2BnPIh0fksJYzwoEP0RFCyf1b38ZMVF5PfvyHTdHwV3hfJRh7yMHiIvw69XVS5z3kdinDJphKvkQlTWfQz6pAvOtSHncsy9rtfR7LrvleeLwpDps4UIoWfDhGFvsX7jYh25BSlay6ctKmzExT7AdnJ6L3KzHJw-bBjEL7rGeBKknoIw/w400-h305/london-3.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">This area is around Upton Park</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p><i>Okay, so which square should we choose as 'most densely populated'?</i> Is it a case of just taking the one with the highest population figure? Maybe, but I wanted to investigate more first. In each case there are overlaps around the edges of the 1km squares due to the irregular shapes of output areas. But overall I believe it's the case that the numbers reflect pretty close to the true population so I think, <i>based on my initial 1km grid</i>, that the area in Bow (East London) is the most densely populated 1km square in the UK, with a total of approximately 21,000 people in the 1000 x 1000 metre square. </p><p><span style="background-color: #fcff01;"><b><u>Ah, but hold on now. </u></b>What were we saying about moving the grid around and the impact it might have? Well, I also generated three extra grids and ran the calculations on those, so read on for my final answer!</span></p><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">The answer to the question is finally here</h3><p>With my first alternative 1km grid I once again got figures of just over 21,000 in any given square km, but I got seven of these. With my next one I got three squares, two of which had more than 22,000 people in them. With my third I got three as well,, one of which had more than 24,000 people in it, and one of which had 23,000. See below for maps of these. The three top squares from my original grid are shown in red on these maps, for comparison.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi80QY64rmYITyXv2fPMz-a2LfkEOCc0F_ReXQejW3dwl4H1oY_7LzEymYBAu8S7VVBoe3eH_ABIfHEyWJHYSg7siaiWNCgnf1yAKyIQ2-y_kf7yCZ4zWG9Jqa_83L-UkpzLtlpHCT-r5wDkbB-0MpNrPRG9isc9pDVPuCsR7OtMZDCSLKD1Z2VT3VZaA/s1561/alt1.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1191" data-original-width="1561" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi80QY64rmYITyXv2fPMz-a2LfkEOCc0F_ReXQejW3dwl4H1oY_7LzEymYBAu8S7VVBoe3eH_ABIfHEyWJHYSg7siaiWNCgnf1yAKyIQ2-y_kf7yCZ4zWG9Jqa_83L-UkpzLtlpHCT-r5wDkbB-0MpNrPRG9isc9pDVPuCsR7OtMZDCSLKD1Z2VT3VZaA/w400-h305/alt1.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Shuffle the grid, get more answers, but similar areas</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxZNMIAzemzH8ZBwZOBeLB6J_M-95z5JhnR39W1gXO4QlzeVAgMaiLrZ64-sqObH-S_XdntE6zK10yxF6WiKgPBcBtX7SPaJlFP5PhfElNAjtqmKL4rznMwLtpub45TgP0msAGC6qREoBWHGNShnuTqiK3D9dkkDTnJsji8aX9wuCKzSEUFw7o_uWi_Q/s1561/alt2.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1191" data-original-width="1561" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxZNMIAzemzH8ZBwZOBeLB6J_M-95z5JhnR39W1gXO4QlzeVAgMaiLrZ64-sqObH-S_XdntE6zK10yxF6WiKgPBcBtX7SPaJlFP5PhfElNAjtqmKL4rznMwLtpub45TgP0msAGC6qREoBWHGNShnuTqiK3D9dkkDTnJsji8aX9wuCKzSEUFw7o_uWi_Q/w400-h305/alt2.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Three alternative candidates</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZahyhVfFJ0Ihot5-EFjBnM33JlZf2hg6gF45bGa2pAi_AkTA3tS8KPOXp61koyoAeBIhaUtZatFVOSEZrT1REXPB4tZQvBs_LsuGaaFtk-i_sr4f15W4d81RQ12R0bDqvU8m5IE-3tCmcX8VM5IoxYTFJ_X_wTcJUyqNkwYG-cj7RSGTMpe-UPdkGsw/s1561/alt3.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1191" data-original-width="1561" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZahyhVfFJ0Ihot5-EFjBnM33JlZf2hg6gF45bGa2pAi_AkTA3tS8KPOXp61koyoAeBIhaUtZatFVOSEZrT1REXPB4tZQvBs_LsuGaaFtk-i_sr4f15W4d81RQ12R0bDqvU8m5IE-3tCmcX8VM5IoxYTFJ_X_wTcJUyqNkwYG-cj7RSGTMpe-UPdkGsw/w400-h305/alt3.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">I think we have a winner</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>So, my initial grid seems to have not been very far off the mark in helping find the most densely populated square km in the UK. Yes, we could go on and on with grid placement, and do it programmatically but I think we're always going to end up in the same place, around Bow Common in East London. It's also encouraging that the 20,000 to 25,000 per sq km figures I previously calculated come out here too. By way of comparison, the most densely populated areas of Paris or London (or New York or Seoul) have more than 40,000 people in them, and some over 50,000.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnbLrRapZ__ng7bUi2Z9AR57nDOt_NCa-bjR1vcdGs7QGQdT5PZu7WvKOO7WhdWE9VDiMMqu1SLQBRy3-7Y9XXFQmNwr3NHczTbKGmwGN4KlZ4KM6KalSSAR1V5BUWYaz25J9j7qZLvURgg640sR0SIA8Oe55XjSo1-_QrDEghF0cjeKjR0Xt17hqMZA/s1561/most-dense-bow.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1191" data-original-width="1561" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnbLrRapZ__ng7bUi2Z9AR57nDOt_NCa-bjR1vcdGs7QGQdT5PZu7WvKOO7WhdWE9VDiMMqu1SLQBRy3-7Y9XXFQmNwr3NHczTbKGmwGN4KlZ4KM6KalSSAR1V5BUWYaz25J9j7qZLvURgg640sR0SIA8Oe55XjSo1-_QrDEghF0cjeKjR0Xt17hqMZA/w400-h305/most-dense-bow.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The overlap here is the initial winning candidate from my search</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>So, based on all of the above, my answer to the question of where the UK's most densely populated square km is, is Bow in East London with a population of approximately 24,000 in a single square kilometre, as shown below. Yes, there is a bit of fuzziness in these numbers due to not being able to perfectly align grid squares to output areas but I'm fairly happy with the answer I arrived at here.</p><p><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNRbA8UHH4TkIWQSwGykAeiJ1m6xwBLcOvWgQs48wNrG3EOzyKQc0cuuqkT_0O-IwqLcFs-_K-vrXJ1DX6vZmwjUTTph2OPbw6cQVlM-bZh7Ut_IGJ3gTDBh33rse44N4_nkN9TrEf6LgkVNTSe4t5yyBklMu_lEtz_LKtj5YvK4AAC-os6MKkB2-yeg/s1771/uk-most-dense-bow-2021-24k.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1771" data-original-width="1771" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNRbA8UHH4TkIWQSwGykAeiJ1m6xwBLcOvWgQs48wNrG3EOzyKQc0cuuqkT_0O-IwqLcFs-_K-vrXJ1DX6vZmwjUTTph2OPbw6cQVlM-bZh7Ut_IGJ3gTDBh33rse44N4_nkN9TrEf6LgkVNTSe4t5yyBklMu_lEtz_LKtj5YvK4AAC-os6MKkB2-yeg/w400-h400/uk-most-dense-bow-2021-24k.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">I think this is a plausible answer to the question I posed</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p><br /></p><p><i>Hey, hold on a sec! What, not more density numberwang? Yes indeed.</i></p><p>I'm happy with my answer, but just to prove beyond any reasonable doubt that in these kinds of things the answers you get depend upon your method I decided to cheat a little and see if I could use a random 1km grid approach to find any area with more than the population in the square above. This is not really in the spirit of the method because it's not applying a regular grid across England and Wales so I don't consider this the 'proper' answer. Instead, consider it an approach to find an even higher value, for research purposes. The location of the 'most densely populated square km' in the United Kingdom doesn't really change and that's the main thing. </p><p>Here's what my 1km 'grid' looked line when I was on the hunt to find a higher figure than the square above. This is almost 28,000 separate 1km squares but they do not form a grid, so I consider this method a bit of a cheat so I don't use it as my final answer above, but I wanted to see what happened when you did it.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiO4bj5G-M7pvQo_-p3pMdJEFDx9VNMmA9GeDBt8XKtRyWV1gR07jYGljAsvtuayGV4kCaUYYLWBlBll0E1XQKK5Z_f-zc_i-mkGKQ80JddcJr_Ng8eU5ByCoeh0D2HtaywA-Z83GBT17x0PyNrwABfcGtcycehI8fCJug2Wn3LN-TytoLLre4CJXB6w/s991/random-1km-grid.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="755" data-original-width="991" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiO4bj5G-M7pvQo_-p3pMdJEFDx9VNMmA9GeDBt8XKtRyWV1gR07jYGljAsvtuayGV4kCaUYYLWBlBll0E1XQKK5Z_f-zc_i-mkGKQ80JddcJr_Ng8eU5ByCoeh0D2HtaywA-Z83GBT17x0PyNrwABfcGtcycehI8fCJug2Wn3LN-TytoLLre4CJXB6w/w400-h305/random-1km-grid.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lots of squares, but not a grid approach</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>Then we can filter for areas with above 24,000 people and see what we get. That's what's shown below, and the square from the answer above is highlighted in red here for comparison.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifHTLfHc9f4b8CacmFv18AWy5mZzpL55-rBV3yrNngvAAK66jgSjBuLN2UDgzapwyDLXaPoOoLLMIvdd3p_NHWqlgNTu0ClxcF_qG9Vzg_MqU3smZ-Q1XjdLHxIBc3a2jqYj3aRKRxyeK43spM3GbrFTNXMgGplk5cWEf92t6Rh7ucmYMZyIchjZVAUw/s1561/24k-plus.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1191" data-original-width="1561" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifHTLfHc9f4b8CacmFv18AWy5mZzpL55-rBV3yrNngvAAK66jgSjBuLN2UDgzapwyDLXaPoOoLLMIvdd3p_NHWqlgNTu0ClxcF_qG9Vzg_MqU3smZ-Q1XjdLHxIBc3a2jqYj3aRKRxyeK43spM3GbrFTNXMgGplk5cWEf92t6Rh7ucmYMZyIchjZVAUw/w400-h305/24k-plus.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ruh-Roh, spanner in the works? </td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>Is this now a showdown between West and East London for the title of 'most densely populated square km in the UK'? Well, maybe, but only if you're using this cheat method of single squares. So who wins on this approach? See below for the zoomed in maps with the numbers.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimi_ofAqutJ3fF9X_JdZP1LpSWmA5ygbRfOoOBgZdxqwMNvTWBpuOOXwOgd5I0e43NRPqbsjp3MSXgNVMCWKjC4ZegnsYkGWm-ttH9vvbI-wlsFdrpN3LD7495tZFBpMx3LrqBBVTi5w9uJ43IC8vUW-D5tHNqkfao7WaaMqhCSBsc_k4PEBr_ZITgKA/s999/west-london.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="762" data-original-width="999" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimi_ofAqutJ3fF9X_JdZP1LpSWmA5ygbRfOoOBgZdxqwMNvTWBpuOOXwOgd5I0e43NRPqbsjp3MSXgNVMCWKjC4ZegnsYkGWm-ttH9vvbI-wlsFdrpN3LD7495tZFBpMx3LrqBBVTi5w9uJ43IC8vUW-D5tHNqkfao7WaaMqhCSBsc_k4PEBr_ZITgKA/w400-h305/west-london.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">All over 24,000 here (remember this is approximate)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPUSGEFwTWXgIK-LvWYt8-6VyBvnsCTUbF-feiji0SxH3CCaJ2G2dYNmBiqxSndO1T6nR6JtUgfexlmShqIt46T6qxtCKrK1FNjT3eEWVEbkiAEbcVBjKckDR2EOeqgQo2f6G1AMWgvo30OL7IBNZ_Pddb3qkPbFoxuRd3T-HxDwzgRiLF5sqhuTzULg/s1561/25k-plus.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1191" data-original-width="1561" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPUSGEFwTWXgIK-LvWYt8-6VyBvnsCTUbF-feiji0SxH3CCaJ2G2dYNmBiqxSndO1T6nR6JtUgfexlmShqIt46T6qxtCKrK1FNjT3eEWVEbkiAEbcVBjKckDR2EOeqgQo2f6G1AMWgvo30OL7IBNZ_Pddb3qkPbFoxuRd3T-HxDwzgRiLF5sqhuTzULg/w400-h305/25k-plus.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">East London wins again (original winner in red)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>So, as we can see, the answer to the 'where is the most densely populated square kilometre in the UK?' question doesn't seem to change, even if we cheat and allow ourselves to place our 1km squares randomly in order to maximise the single square total. The area in the map above has four new squares with 25,000 or more - though of course these numbers are an approximation of course, as I've explained above. This kind of cheating approach does however have the benefit of showing how areas of West London come close to being the highest density if we play a bit of gridshift.</p><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">What does this actually look like on the ground though?</h3><p>Here's <a href="https://goo.gl/maps/oLGTPv87kUTE97Xm6" target="_blank">a Google Maps link</a> to more or less the centre of the red square above, which is also pretty much in the middle of the blue squares. Here are some images from Street View - and recall that this is what about 25,000 people per sq km density looks like in London. This is half the density of the highest density places in Paris, Barcelona or New York, and about a quarter of the highest densities globally (found in cities like Manila, Cairo and Dhaka).</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpdBUN6VDvvWjMHq9I7bf-645CqHiMYrJJIrWkKff5-U5QQyZ-OSkjCEsr695d8-xaV5_5qBrx_zBBvnoICWrWn3FtR2icz00CKDag0R3ZqeUSqUIiWnWyumOPUslENEK1t4H_iFPcj8iNEflnGjB--SsnL0iFYVkyWbi0Wq5pKTYfTfhgGRKxXmXYQQ/s1919/bow-1.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="893" data-original-width="1919" height="186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpdBUN6VDvvWjMHq9I7bf-645CqHiMYrJJIrWkKff5-U5QQyZ-OSkjCEsr695d8-xaV5_5qBrx_zBBvnoICWrWn3FtR2icz00CKDag0R3ZqeUSqUIiWnWyumOPUslENEK1t4H_iFPcj8iNEflnGjB--SsnL0iFYVkyWbi0Wq5pKTYfTfhgGRKxXmXYQQ/w400-h186/bow-1.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Burgess Street, E14</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuCXmxZ7BE4h1ZchHKqy5HoJYHjsTRRRLQPvTKvsO-3FJgGs7meInV9ZC8IS8mt7v7h21MGzOetcEG4t7bKUg5oyARxi-anN5zlvD1HvSNhQ7XG4m7AhWvkGK0s7PyXHnpplEmvRXBfHzO7GOW8A3gB8bP_me6bTOnBGooMP65vZmI_sguIEzrd-F1wQ/s1920/bow-2.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="898" data-original-width="1920" height="188" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuCXmxZ7BE4h1ZchHKqy5HoJYHjsTRRRLQPvTKvsO-3FJgGs7meInV9ZC8IS8mt7v7h21MGzOetcEG4t7bKUg5oyARxi-anN5zlvD1HvSNhQ7XG4m7AhWvkGK0s7PyXHnpplEmvRXBfHzO7GOW8A3gB8bP_me6bTOnBGooMP65vZmI_sguIEzrd-F1wQ/w400-h188/bow-2.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Broomfield Street, E14</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwyB_5yNIID3tdUB2WzJ2Pqn628iNRo2M5V3AqnamIZ-CuUdvATsGwwft0qDD2WD-7Z_T7kLnZFK4I2IBMvo6OjccwQ_ChcaGKmk7B_VyZaQF0EGepMyBjahPHBmJohas-rA9iPY227rqqAacgL84m4BzgRPExfeeWT7GXiWMxn6twlngn2CkuNgE3Sw/s1919/bow-3.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="896" data-original-width="1919" height="186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwyB_5yNIID3tdUB2WzJ2Pqn628iNRo2M5V3AqnamIZ-CuUdvATsGwwft0qDD2WD-7Z_T7kLnZFK4I2IBMvo6OjccwQ_ChcaGKmk7B_VyZaQF0EGepMyBjahPHBmJohas-rA9iPY227rqqAacgL84m4BzgRPExfeeWT7GXiWMxn6twlngn2CkuNgE3Sw/w400-h186/bow-3.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lindfield Street, E14 (still space for parks)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Are we done now?</h3><p>Yes (for now).</p>Alasdair Raehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12959449302596057979noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6894643731791231365.post-8791373697148026142023-02-02T06:47:00.002-08:002023-02-02T06:52:04.874-08:00QGIS at 21<p>This post contains a few GIS related thoughts, offered in the spirit of sharing that's at the core of open source. A bit like <a href="https://www.qgis.org/en/site/index.html" target="_blank">QGIS</a> itself, I hope. My goal is not to convince anyone that they should be using QGIS but rather to convince potential GIS users that QGIS is now, at 21 years old, a mature, robust, powerful product used by millions of users and thousands of major corporations and universities worldwide - as well as lots of small companies <a href="https://automaticknowledge.co.uk/" target="_blank">like my own</a>. </p><p>Like most open source software, it is free to download but for me that is <i>very</i> far down the list of reasons why I use it (see my list of 'Reasons I use QGIS' at the bottom of the page). Also, on the topic of free, I'm not going to explain how nothing is really 'free' because as we know everything has some kind of cost and with open source it is often in relation to training, maintenance and things like adoption friction, but I'm not going to talk about that here.</p><p>On the topic of '<a href="http://www.statsmapsnpix.com/2022/10/which-gis-software-is-best.html" target="_blank">which GIS software is best?</a>' I've written before. I like to leave that to the end user, and there isn't one answer that is always correct. The answer will vary from person to person and from organisation to organisation, but in the past few years I'd say my experience working with lots of different people and organisations reflects what we see in these Google Trends charts. below. I first used GIS software as an undergraduate in the UK, using MapInfo. Then I got into ArcView in the United States as I continued my studies, and then continued with ArcGIS when I moved back to the UK. When I set up a MSc in Applied GIS in 2013/4 I taught using both ArcGIS and QGIS and now I only use QGIS. I think the QGIS line on the chart is a reflection of the maturity of the QGIS project at 21 - it's fully grown up!</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6JnWUDaEAMHZ2KBBdL-KhmfoIWtTmwKJ9K9BBVzE3FZ3309miuKx19qJnqqv9aS_F_DQyjSqusi13gSZYZdgqmUM59AqZs8tb4habUGS2pNkIvwbQ27B9zfqgO39IkP2seG23hy6Tvg4nPUVyniEqtRAYs0dFjn3G3M7mj-tH4HiEz-okfhQIh5dqlA/s1694/1-global-arcgis-qgis-mapinfo.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="860" data-original-width="1694" height="203" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6JnWUDaEAMHZ2KBBdL-KhmfoIWtTmwKJ9K9BBVzE3FZ3309miuKx19qJnqqv9aS_F_DQyjSqusi13gSZYZdgqmUM59AqZs8tb4habUGS2pNkIvwbQ27B9zfqgO39IkP2seG23hy6Tvg4nPUVyniEqtRAYs0dFjn3G3M7mj-tH4HiEz-okfhQIh5dqlA/w400-h203/1-global-arcgis-qgis-mapinfo.PNG" title="I started with MapInfo, then used used ESRI software, now just QGIS" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">This matches my own experience quite well</td></tr></tbody></table><p>The situation is quite different in the US compared to the rest of the world, at least in terms of the Google Trends data (this also mirrors my own experience from working in this area over the past 15+ years). I've worked with lots of Google Trends data over the past decade - on a variety of news stories - and it's often a very close match with reality even if it's not perfect. </p><p>But is this US chart a bad thing? <b>Well, no</b>. It's just different and it reflects different contexts and organisational structures and things like that. But it does also mean that perhaps there is an opportunity for lots of people to take a look at QGIS with fresh eyes, and that's never a bad thing. I think many people will be very pleasantly surprised. But really here I'd say if you're using the software you want to, it does what you want it to, and you're happy with it - that's all you need. I have noticed that some of my US colleagues and collaborators in large governmental organisations are very much embedded in the ESRI ecosystem, but equally I have worked with a lot of QGIS-only users across the private sector and academia in the US. There is plenty of room for a wide variety of GIS software, and indeed none at all. </p><p><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm6idesIKWR78IVJ8u3KEVWMhA18TE_BuQnT1ZxEG76rMBWzTgMBKKNvyTTy5wfKEvL0KpiOhVDuC-9OTULrKiw4RDV3qUvJIdp4KBfHTckbyyY04nOi081_Xn0IDAnrMrp9MztIObpLY8N0UOSOvIa7US3QTlH7kCZ_zm9OJAysaAvZLnRpvLo1qV8Q/s1682/2-us.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="862" data-original-width="1682" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm6idesIKWR78IVJ8u3KEVWMhA18TE_BuQnT1ZxEG76rMBWzTgMBKKNvyTTy5wfKEvL0KpiOhVDuC-9OTULrKiw4RDV3qUvJIdp4KBfHTckbyyY04nOi081_Xn0IDAnrMrp9MztIObpLY8N0UOSOvIa7US3QTlH7kCZ_zm9OJAysaAvZLnRpvLo1qV8Q/w400-h205/2-us.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">This seems to match my experience, perhaps others can comment</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>When I look at the desktop GIS landscape in the UK and nearby countries, it does feel very much like over the past decade - and past five years in particular - that things have switched more in the direction of QGIS. Again, the data here matches what I'm seeing on the ground and indeed what I'm seeing when I'm delivering training and advice to people across hundreds of organisation over the past decade, including well over 100 councils in England. But that's another story! Anyway, I really loved MapInfo when I first used it as an undergraduate so there's a bit of sadness here seeing its relative demise. I also very much enjoyed using the old ArcView (goodbye, old friend) and ArcGIS.</p><p><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYaV7QuuDPY-Yo5dkbmqMSagRpuJiok2lZJlmsAi5YMGyMg2o8SOr49Chr-iYyt8RBn1ICaTv-TR3pr9kRg5Wu0O9dyA7Jx96_nHVEFkXYnMdQadHD_galtEawKECYvJG-Nd_4BiSon6E1oS64Fr6SLJ6EtO7bcn9LzlSytIWOQobvBSNBnMvCpRqaRg/s1690/3-france.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="856" data-original-width="1690" height="203" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYaV7QuuDPY-Yo5dkbmqMSagRpuJiok2lZJlmsAi5YMGyMg2o8SOr49Chr-iYyt8RBn1ICaTv-TR3pr9kRg5Wu0O9dyA7Jx96_nHVEFkXYnMdQadHD_galtEawKECYvJG-Nd_4BiSon6E1oS64Fr6SLJ6EtO7bcn9LzlSytIWOQobvBSNBnMvCpRqaRg/w400-h203/3-france.png" title="France" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Early adopter?</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjj26D3Z9WCIjGwYa-wM-1JzUU5Yk8-R2hOwoXcZsKjYwOBMNdcfd3YwAeIClkF1S6cpdYqaYuBn24urG55ji1Uks7fHhbD5QMzFp_Nui8W_RkOQ5FlzvgIUCgcQLFbr77ZIHBzmTfPlZm6xPdWhqSoCnE8c-RUv5JoB-rs9w25wk_IOngH8E7WchMew/s1685/4-the-united-kingdom.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="859" data-original-width="1685" height="204" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjj26D3Z9WCIjGwYa-wM-1JzUU5Yk8-R2hOwoXcZsKjYwOBMNdcfd3YwAeIClkF1S6cpdYqaYuBn24urG55ji1Uks7fHhbD5QMzFp_Nui8W_RkOQ5FlzvgIUCgcQLFbr77ZIHBzmTfPlZm6xPdWhqSoCnE8c-RUv5JoB-rs9w25wk_IOngH8E7WchMew/w400-h204/4-the-united-kingdom.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Big recent QGIS jump</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq9soZ5agWzzAyOUp7lxClUzjACqr7LplRTqxICUwUmW0tpdEZPFk249LzhZGhfijJRP-pg5t_G4l6D2vmXoUvjc-zNUlLThhORqW7FdJfu5EybxWAXskLnvKMj8pwvUrSP4UOZJ_fdbiQIf3ehVLVADEOlg9hTzqKJIqgAU-ESdj8HQoNgX87jddPMw/s1688/6-brazil.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="862" data-original-width="1688" height="204" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq9soZ5agWzzAyOUp7lxClUzjACqr7LplRTqxICUwUmW0tpdEZPFk249LzhZGhfijJRP-pg5t_G4l6D2vmXoUvjc-zNUlLThhORqW7FdJfu5EybxWAXskLnvKMj8pwvUrSP4UOZJ_fdbiQIf3ehVLVADEOlg9hTzqKJIqgAU-ESdj8HQoNgX87jddPMw/w400-h204/6-brazil.png" title="These are trends, not hard facts, but still" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">These are trends, not hard facts, but still useful info</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>Okay, so QGIS is on the rise, MapInfo has been on the wane for a while - if we go by the charts above and the experience of people on the ground, like me. And ESRI products have been changing and developing during this period and it seems like QGIS has filled a gap in the market. </p><p>So, from a humble software project begun by <a href="https://wiki.osgeo.org/wiki/Gary_Sherman#:~:text=From%20OSGeo,for%20his%20work%20with%20QGIS.%20(" target="_blank">Gary Sherman</a> in 2002 to the GIS software of choice for newsrooms, corporations and governments worldwide, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QGIS" target="_blank">QGIS</a> has truly come of age.</p><p>See below for a list of things I can't do in QGIS and then for a list of reasons I use QGIS.</p><p>QGIS is not 'free' in the sense that it costs money to produce, maintain and develop, of course, so that's why I encourage anyone who benefits from it to either contribute to the project directly or via their organisation. My own company (Automatic Knowledge) is a <a href="https://www.qgis.org/en/site/getinvolved/governance/sustaining_members/sustaining_members.html#how-can-you-support-the-qgis-development" target="_blank">Sustaining Member</a> of QGIS and we give money each year to the QGIS project, and I also try to contribute to the community in other ways - e.g. free tutorials, helping people directly with one-to-ones, and suchlike. Thousands of others do this too and that's part of why it's great software.</p><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Exhaustive list of things I want to do in QGIS but can't</h3><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li> </li><li> </li><li> </li><li> </li><li> </li><li> </li><li> </li><li> </li><li> </li><li> </li><li> </li><li> </li><li> </li></ul><p></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><br /></h3><h3 style="text-align: left;">Reasons I use QGIS</h3><p><b>1.</b> Because it's powerful</p><p><b>2.</b> Because it's fast: to <a href="https://www.qgis.org/" target="_blank">download</a>, install and use</p><p><b>3.</b> Because it's cross-platform (I use it mainly on Windows but also on MacOS and Linux)</p><p><b>4. </b>Because it's easy to get the job done with QGIS</p><p><b>5.</b> Because it's regularly updated (okay, sometimes it feels like it's too regularly updated)</p><p><b>6.</b> Because of all the great plugins that add extra functionality</p><p><b>7.</b> Because when things go wrong a fix is never far away </p><p><b>8.</b> Because the documentation is great (and so many contributors help solve problems)</p><p><b>9.</b> Because you can make stunning maps with QGIS</p><p><b>10.</b> Because it can handle any data format I throw at it</p><p><br /></p><p>...</p><p><b>99.</b> Because the logo is nice</p><p><b>100.</b> Because it's free and open source</p>Alasdair Raehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12959449302596057979noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6894643731791231365.post-35660673630499017862023-01-19T11:38:00.002-08:002023-01-20T03:48:38.254-08:00Animating a proportional symbol map in QGIS<p>Many people who read this blog will be familiar with Karim Douïeb's fantastic 'transition between surface area of US counties and their associated population' map, shown below.</p>
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet"><p dir="ltr" lang="en">Challenge accepted! Here is a transition between surface area of US counties and their associated population. This arguably provides a much more accurate reading of the situation. <a href="https://twitter.com/observablehq?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@observablehq</a> notebook: <a href="https://t.co/wdfMeV5hO4">https://t.co/wdfMeV5hO4</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/HowChartsLie?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#HowChartsLie</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/DataViz?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#DataViz</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/d3js?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#d3js</a> <a href="https://t.co/lStHeeuMUw">https://t.co/lStHeeuMUw</a> <a href="https://t.co/MpYiXtsHmu">pic.twitter.com/MpYiXtsHmu</a></p>— Karim Douïeb (@karim_douieb) <a href="https://twitter.com/karim_douieb/status/1181695687005745153?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">October 8, 2019</a></blockquote> <script async="" charset="utf-8" src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js"></script>
I wanted to see if I could create something a bit like this in QGIS, using a geometry generator approach, so that's what this post is about. My end result is shown below, and read on for more information about my method. See the notes at the bottom of the page for a bit more detail. The version embedded below will be a bit small, so <a href="https://automaticknowledge.org/training/bonusdata/back-and-forth-v2.mp4" target="_blank">here's the full size, high-resolution mp4</a> if you want to take a closer look at it.<div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dwgAmUNY0DEOE0WHsGlRGBsGk2hixLaymWqiROFadJSyuPRSnuC6T65H-vzy93MzgdKt0scQ3_br6LBkyO6pQ' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><br /><div><br /><h3 style="text-align: left;">What's a geometry generator in QGIS?</h3></div><div>In QGIS you can style layers in the normal way, as in any GIS software - e.g. by using a blue fill on a polygon and a white outline - or you can use the geometry generator option to style a layer in a different way. For example, if you had a set of points representing populations, you could turn them into spikes with the height based on their populations. </div><div><br /></div><div>You could display lines as a series of points, and all kinds of <a href="http://www.statsmapsnpix.com/2022/10/cometmaps.html" target="_blank">other options</a>, all without having to create any new files. Or you could convert areas into proportional symbols, as I've done above.</div><div><br /></div><div><i>Okay, so you may have read this and still be like 'what the what? what the heck does this mean?'</i> and that's pretty normal actually because it's not necessarily an easy concept to grasp without seeing examples. That's why I created <a href="https://t.co/e8hgupctk5" target="_blank">a sample file</a> where you can drop it straight into QGIS and play with different geometry generator styles, as in the tweet/ thread below.</div><div><br /></div>
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet"><p dir="ltr" lang="en">Want to know more about how to use geometry generators to style layers in QGIS, but not sure how? Watch the video, then download the file and play with it yourself <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/QGIS?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#QGIS</a> <a href="https://t.co/e8hgupctk5">https://t.co/e8hgupctk5</a><br /><br />(a couple of the expressions only work in most recent versions of QGIS) <a href="https://t.co/vtxCMD5q79">pic.twitter.com/vtxCMD5q79</a></p>— Alasdair Rae (@undertheraedar) <a href="https://twitter.com/undertheraedar/status/1599812198125121536?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">December 5, 2022</a></blockquote> <script async="" charset="utf-8" src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js"></script><div><br /></div>
You can get really pretty fancy with geometry generators in QGIS and do all sorts of interesting things, some of which you can easily find if you search for <i>geometry generator qgis</i> on Twitter. <div><br /></div><div>The thread below is another example of what I'm talking about here - it ends up with me making a tartan t-shirt based on a geometry generator style and some point data in QGIS!<div><br /></div><div><br /></div>
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet"><p dir="ltr" lang="en">A map thread with a bit of tutorial, plus some free data - take this populated places of Great Britain dataset and then load it into QGIS<a href="https://t.co/CsbOMq9nXR">https://t.co/CsbOMq9nXR</a> <a href="https://t.co/3AB45nHOVX">pic.twitter.com/3AB45nHOVX</a></p>— Alasdair Rae (@undertheraedar) <a href="https://twitter.com/undertheraedar/status/1551859101755400192?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">July 26, 2022</a></blockquote> <script async="" charset="utf-8" src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js"></script><i>
Okay, fine, but could we create something like Karim's animated map in QGIS?</i> Well, I tried and I think I got reasonably close, so read on for more about it.<div><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: left;">Polygons to proportional symbols with QGIS geometry generator + Atlas</h3><div>Okay, first things first - if you want to replicate this style, you can find the QGIS project file plus the individual map layers in <a href="https://automaticknowledge.org/training/bonusdata/" target="_blank">my training data folder</a> - directs links to each file are provided below. Whereas Karim did this for the entire US, my example only includes the lower 48 states. If you already know what you're doing with QGIS this will be fairly straightforward but anyone with a bit of experience should be able to download the files and replicate my steps. Here are the files you'd need to replicate my work.</div><div><br /></div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b>The <a href="https://automaticknowledge.org/training/bonusdata/polygons-to-circles-usa-v2.qgz" target="_blank">polygons-to-circles-usa-v2</a> project file:</b> polygons-to-circles-usa-v2.qgz and you'll also need to download the files below from the same folder</li><li><a href="https://automaticknowledge.org/training/bonusdata/us-states-48.gpkg" target="_blank">us-states-48</a></li><li><a href="https://automaticknowledge.org/training/bonusdata/us_cities.gpkg" target="_blank">us_cities</a></li><li><a href="https://automaticknowledge.org/training/bonusdata/us-election-2020-lower-48.gpkg" target="_blank">us-election-2020-lower-48</a></li></ul><div>If you want to replicate my project <i>exactly</i>, you'll also need to have the Comfortaa font installed because that's what I used for the labels and in the Print Layout. You'll also need to open the Print Layout in the project and make sure you activate the QGIS Atlas (via the <i>Atlas </i>menu then <i>Preview Atlas</i>). I did this in QGIS version 3.24 so if you're having any issues try using the same version, or a later one. Last of all, if you want to add the QGIS logo like I have, you will need to change the file path for the Picture in the print layout. I put the QGIS <a href="https://automaticknowledge.org/training/bonusdata/QGIS_logo,_2017.svg" target="_blank">svg logo file</a> in the same folder as the files above.</div></div><div><br /></div><div>As you move through the Atlas page by page, each of the counties changes from a polygon to a proportional symbol, from west to east, with the size of the symbol based on the number of votes in each county. This is not perfect, but it's a more proportional representation and it's all about testing the concept here. This is what it looks like half way through the set of QGIS atlas frames.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKP6DeS_RiDVFqhnSWOby_x5P67jVMbAODskWqKbP2iQBqq7xbfC9usQNLUHkmm422QTa25LrloM3uNQbIURFJAy73eQRdWuLnZMmFNIcFVUqlKzqB5swiM5dUKCkNZ3DlrVlYk551kejlrV758tflG19HayoZ8qV4K38JBvf5RH3aNh7wS5BNekWgbA/s1920/0939.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKP6DeS_RiDVFqhnSWOby_x5P67jVMbAODskWqKbP2iQBqq7xbfC9usQNLUHkmm422QTa25LrloM3uNQbIURFJAy73eQRdWuLnZMmFNIcFVUqlKzqB5swiM5dUKCkNZ3DlrVlYk551kejlrV758tflG19HayoZ8qV4K38JBvf5RH3aNh7wS5BNekWgbA/w400-h225/0939.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Half way through the animation</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div>Once I got everything set up, I exported each page of the Atlas as a single png and then combined it into an mp4 as an animation, using ffmpeg. I've written about that process <a href="http://www.statsmapsnpix.com/2021/12/map-animations-with-ffmpeg.html" target="_blank">in a previous post</a>. For the final version I added a pause at the end, then reversed it so it loops back and forth.</div><div><br /></div><div>So what about the QGIS project file itself? Well, if you download it you'll see it contains:</div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>A US states layer, to show the state outlines - simple black colour outline</li><li>A US cities layer, filtered to show a selection of cities across the US, and also labelled</li><li>A grey US county backdrop layer so that when the polygons turn to proportional symbols we still have some background behind it</li><li>And on top of the grey US county layer we have the red/blue county layer showing which party won in each county at the 2020 US election. This is the layer that has the geometry generator style in it. </li><li>Plus the <a href="https://automaticknowledge.org/training/bonusdata/QGIS_logo,_2017.svg" target="_blank">QGIS logo svg </a>in the bottom right of the print layout. </li></ul><div>If you want to look at the all-important geometry generator style, just go to the Layer Properties for the red/blue us-election-2020-lower-48 layer and then double-click on the blue colour patch symbol then Geometry Generator to see the geometry generator style for the blue areas and then do the same for the red areas, as shown below. </div></div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYGuQIgEhVk7bK0Ic3uce-MDSH-XJPVtylnCufggOECVjhvfs-FOB3OgrP8LmM0k3n2SuGSwu3yZHcpZmCieD6eF1QDSbkfCRrA5ch-fQiJyOmuPNeEa5OJxFJnr9BnPl967w4qA94vL7WlqYqIk_fhYfiVDF18qkeElTFFPlBXnrBhqksAjTC9R6JwA/s1228/geom-gen-symbol.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="772" data-original-width="1228" height="251" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYGuQIgEhVk7bK0Ic3uce-MDSH-XJPVtylnCufggOECVjhvfs-FOB3OgrP8LmM0k3n2SuGSwu3yZHcpZmCieD6eF1QDSbkfCRrA5ch-fQiJyOmuPNeEa5OJxFJnr9BnPl967w4qA94vL7WlqYqIk_fhYfiVDF18qkeElTFFPlBXnrBhqksAjTC9R6JwA/w400-h251/geom-gen-symbol.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">You can also access this via the Symbol dropdown in Layer Properties</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><div>This is the geometry generator style I used - it's pretty basic, but works well:</div><div><br /></div><div><div></div><blockquote><div>CASE</div><div><br /></div><div>WHEN x($geometry) < @atlas_pagename </div><div><br /></div><div>THEN buffer(centroid( $geometry),7000+ "total_votes"/30 ,50)</div><div><br /></div><div>ELSE</div><div><br /></div><div>$geometry</div><div><br /></div><div>END</div></blockquote><div></div></div><div><br /></div><div>What does it do, and how does it work? Well, the first bit after the WHEN uses the x coordinate of county centroids to change the shapes from west to east - this is because I used the longitude of each county as the Atlas page name. That's why @atlas_pagename appears in the expression. You'll need to think about this for a while if you're not used to how the Atlas tool works in QGIS but if you look at the Print Layout you'll see each page is named using x($geometry).</div><div><br /></div><div>The next bit draws a buffer around the centroid of each county, to 7000 metres, then scales it using the total vote count, divided by 30 (otherwise the circles are HUGE, but I did experiment with this and scaled it loads of different ways). The 50 value just makes the circle smoother. Why 7000 metres for the buffer? Well, if it's much smaller then you can't actually see it at the scale I'm mapping at. </div><div><br /></div><div>The ELSE $geometry bit just says to QGIS to draw the polygon as usual until the Atlas page name (which contains the longitude) meets the WHEN condition above.</div><div><br /></div><div>Confusing? Yes, probably if you've not used this before but feel free to download the project and have a go.</div><div><br /></div><div>You'll also notice that in the Atlas tab I've done some other things, like set the page name using the format 0001, 0002, 0003, 0004 and so on. </div><div><br /></div><div>This is what the Atlas layout looks like at frame 2000, below.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA6-hU78P8JdtnwlXOV_QWAxjbV_hLJTmIb3GWQZXmLVJYSSmGABRqY7uovVOyURDgMvnNaklIl34a0Re95_BkoqrOJ5HIQKH32aLp20kvY9vF4oRz6mQaJxzQfu12SBj8Pk8y8k14LpeFxV1Kmb3TtGjYIahOZJHinNXA8g8YxJkYfVNYq4eIKvhcmw/s1920/atlas-layout.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1039" data-original-width="1920" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA6-hU78P8JdtnwlXOV_QWAxjbV_hLJTmIb3GWQZXmLVJYSSmGABRqY7uovVOyURDgMvnNaklIl34a0Re95_BkoqrOJ5HIQKH32aLp20kvY9vF4oRz6mQaJxzQfu12SBj8Pk8y8k14LpeFxV1Kmb3TtGjYIahOZJHinNXA8g8YxJkYfVNYq4eIKvhcmw/w400-h216/atlas-layout.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">What it looks like in the QGIS Print Layout</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><div>Okay, so can we create an animated proportional symbol map in QGIS? Yes, we can. </div><div><br /></div><div>Is it as cool as Karim's? No, but it does demonstrate the power of QGIS geometry generator styles and shows the kinds of things that can be done - and that's what this post is all about. </div><div><br /></div><div>This is example is fairly simple really but if you've not used QGIS in this way before it can be quite confusing - that's why I shared <a href="https://automaticknowledge.org/training/bonusdata/us-48-geom-gen.gpkg" target="_blank">the simple geometry generator file</a> plus the more complex project file shown here.</div><div><br /></div><div>Want to replicate this but can't quite get it all to work? Feel free to get in touch.</div><div><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: left;">Notes</h3></div><div>If you want to actually create new geomtries (e.g. a new shapefile or geopackage) using a geometry generator expression, you can do it via 'Geometry by expression' in the Processing Toolbox.</div><div><br /></div><div>Are the proportional symbols sized <i>exactly </i>to match the population? No, because the size is based on the buffer radius, but if you use a bit more clever maths in the expression you can get it spot-on. But if you do this, the smallest symbols will likely disappear.</div><div><br /></div><div>What's the point of all this? The point is to test what kind of things are possible with geometry generator styles in QGIS and to share this with people who might be interested.</div><div><br /></div><div>That's all for now. I may add further notes if there are any questions but I'm putting this post here as a more permanent resource for anyone interested in how to do this kind of stuff.</div><div><br /></div>Alasdair Raehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12959449302596057979noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6894643731791231365.post-28854520757598864682023-01-11T01:51:00.001-08:002023-01-11T02:03:34.940-08:00Label callouts in QGIS<p>This is a short tutorial about how to display label callouts (sometimes referred to as 'leader lines') in QGIS. This has been possible for a while, but not everyone knows it's possible, or how to do it. So long as you're using QGIS version 3.10 or later, you create callouts for your labels very easily. Before going any further, here's an example of a map where label callouts would be useful (below). And here's <a href="https://automaticknowledge.org/training/bonusdata/us-states-48.gpkg" target="_blank">the map layer</a> I'm using for this tutorial, in case you want to follow along with the same data.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEOJdesfQLVuspykr2_Rtuhb221PKYLl11ER5lelvjGZgV1ZhXuFc6xhZiPEiohDu880JVUToGMx7pRp3qTAPxeSJAYPUo_1vFRrcWFPup0zY8KHUreqmB3sKyQLpSi5Ih4CIpsc0mh_RiFC0MvUfdwDOrfUkXgdbJfanUKr3ZS14a85a6sfYgii7mlg/s1920/1-bad.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1030" data-original-width="1920" height="215" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEOJdesfQLVuspykr2_Rtuhb221PKYLl11ER5lelvjGZgV1ZhXuFc6xhZiPEiohDu880JVUToGMx7pRp3qTAPxeSJAYPUo_1vFRrcWFPup0zY8KHUreqmB3sKyQLpSi5Ih4CIpsc0mh_RiFC0MvUfdwDOrfUkXgdbJfanUKr3ZS14a85a6sfYgii7mlg/w400-h215/1-bad.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Very crowded labelling in the Northeastern United States</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>In the example above, some labels are okay, but in New England in particular things are a bit crowded, and in some other cases as well we might need to move things around. And note that I won't bother making things look particularly pretty here at all, this is all about the method.</p><p>So, here's two useful things to know for now - <u>this is just for information right now, we'll look at how to change things further below.</u></p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b>The Label Toolbar</b> (it looks like the image below, and if you don't see it you can turn it on via the View menu then Toolbars). We can place labels wherever we like using the Label Toolbar.</li><li><b>Where to find the Callouts options</b> for a layer. For this, you need to go to Layer Properties (easiest done via a double-click on the layer name in the Layers Panel, or via a right-click then Properties... then Labels and then the separate Callouts section - again, see below for a screenshot of how it looks, in this case in QGIS 3.26).</li></ul><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMncwjGMskNoVQj-xRQV3sngj-WYg1TeSi2S8HZ8HQ14uHBAMDi5-C0A03_IA_PWJ2KLkWEs6_miWAb4tESG5PvAoNG5U1EA6_09cbkn-CHQUEKFPx-9g1UT4rM_Q-dCmMfi_WKkM5GvM5qSG1FQ7CL7yth0enhKerZ7PYEWDqopaD5xUry7R-Wpqw3A/s885/2-label-toolbar.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="469" data-original-width="885" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMncwjGMskNoVQj-xRQV3sngj-WYg1TeSi2S8HZ8HQ14uHBAMDi5-C0A03_IA_PWJ2KLkWEs6_miWAb4tESG5PvAoNG5U1EA6_09cbkn-CHQUEKFPx-9g1UT4rM_Q-dCmMfi_WKkM5GvM5qSG1FQ7CL7yth0enhKerZ7PYEWDqopaD5xUry7R-Wpqw3A/w400-h213/2-label-toolbar.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Yes, this is what it looks like!</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjejazKik3rdwFQWTsoJ_4apZ0Cg5GqR5K4zeFrutsCFMGASN6dKnAF2rTdStn1CXcck3fzh4DLIUHVHbjsjLm8kxyET2ybUNSVUGs4eXt_Mwgl0pQ4d4PRLcokKisnhJg8n1u_UNk37ez3BFEJvlt7tzp2Hp9WQ4xGeNAYRvnib-G567a8gdFha2YdUg/s1697/3-callouts-options.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="919" data-original-width="1697" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjejazKik3rdwFQWTsoJ_4apZ0Cg5GqR5K4zeFrutsCFMGASN6dKnAF2rTdStn1CXcck3fzh4DLIUHVHbjsjLm8kxyET2ybUNSVUGs4eXt_Mwgl0pQ4d4PRLcokKisnhJg8n1u_UNk37ez3BFEJvlt7tzp2Hp9WQ4xGeNAYRvnib-G567a8gdFha2YdUg/w400-h216/3-callouts-options.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Here's where you find the Callouts options</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p><i>Okay, but why would we want to use callouts? </i></p><p>Well, we want to make labels easier to read and because some states are small (NH, VT, etc) we just can't fit the labels on top of - or inside - the shape of the state. Not everywhere can be a Texas or a Colorado! And that's fine.</p><p>Also, anyone who has done any mapping - or even looked at a map - knows that labelling is super important. Done well it can make a massive positive difference. Done particularly badly and it could ruin a map.</p><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Let's draw some Callouts</h3><p>Now I'm going to add some callouts to my US lower 48 states layer that I showed you above. This is done in Layer Properties > Labels for the layer you want the callouts on. So the first thing I'll do in Layer Properties is tick the Draw callouts box (below) and then click OK to activate callouts. Oh, boo. Nothing happens, but that's actually fine. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfqWX6u3pmsiDwojtb-nlKvKezQ8MSF3GG8JOm6s8gevvJy_-XWCiND2u_NAYhvhA95sM6Q_8xcGDrVOUucUNarPpeDennRqOE-i-RJVDZuAP16nI9kgv8-Lv-A9L6julsQLkCBpXI4Ov4mO_DbaiOWS1-tmgm9zGcAikN9qGo5aFPrKB-_DSJlDcqlw/s1011/4.1-ticked-box.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="128" data-original-width="1011" height="51" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfqWX6u3pmsiDwojtb-nlKvKezQ8MSF3GG8JOm6s8gevvJy_-XWCiND2u_NAYhvhA95sM6Q_8xcGDrVOUucUNarPpeDennRqOE-i-RJVDZuAP16nI9kgv8-Lv-A9L6julsQLkCBpXI4Ov4mO_DbaiOWS1-tmgm9zGcAikN9qGo5aFPrKB-_DSJlDcqlw/w400-h51/4.1-ticked-box.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">This is how we make callouts active</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>Next I'm going to use the <b>Move a Label, Diagram or Callout</b> button to move some of the labels in the Northeastern United States. It looks like this (below) in QGIS version 3.26 and should look the same - or very similar - on your version of QGIS too.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5uPCs-zv61cXhZcPKdOiFvufwUnurA7FxhwKcLdjIE6SFjG2y5NBaN3rx4sahj6u8qduNVaphdEe_yFDXV1UjhTfV_DPw0uVxZSQydq-IbiAejLLD73Pq9XPgYJaXJ8-FlMWBjUf3wiek3u41tjWEXtUFHmp_rRAs3-yi1bXJZTS8k1g_WCSTngi_WQ/s472/4-move-label.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="464" data-original-width="472" height="394" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5uPCs-zv61cXhZcPKdOiFvufwUnurA7FxhwKcLdjIE6SFjG2y5NBaN3rx4sahj6u8qduNVaphdEe_yFDXV1UjhTfV_DPw0uVxZSQydq-IbiAejLLD73Pq9XPgYJaXJ8-FlMWBjUf3wiek3u41tjWEXtUFHmp_rRAs3-yi1bXJZTS8k1g_WCSTngi_WQ/w400-h394/4-move-label.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">This is the important button!</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>Next, I hit the <b>Move a Label, Diagram or Callout</b> button as shown above, then I select the first label I want to move, just by clicking on it - in my case I did this for Vermont and as soon as I did I got a pop-up, which unless you know what it's asking you can be baffling! It's not a problem, just keep reading for how to deal with this.</p><p>This little window (shown below) is QGIS asking you to use a unique column in your attribute table so that QGIS can store the X and Y coordinates of where you move your labels to, more or less. But you don't <i>really</i> need do know that so just click OK when you see the <b>Auxiliary Storage: Choose Primary Key</b> window, as shown below. It should just be on fid by default but really unless you're into this kind of thing you can click OK. At the bottom of the blog post I tell you how you can reset this, if you need to.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinfBd3U15nrHeDcyOi16BqAVBUeOgD1KSHIXZekDvIgSX3YS_1nVyKjOw-Lrc0SYNhjUUZjg_W2ML0_mGPHJDdls73Va0f0ZALqh71b58qBuAZRkAKSQtklPyuV86ILc3KXwo_KM3xPUkQQvfSlNNsqC1qIHNdVO_Ke35zZn6Sw4is3xmx8swCfoEi2Q/s1159/5-aux.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="689" data-original-width="1159" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinfBd3U15nrHeDcyOi16BqAVBUeOgD1KSHIXZekDvIgSX3YS_1nVyKjOw-Lrc0SYNhjUUZjg_W2ML0_mGPHJDdls73Va0f0ZALqh71b58qBuAZRkAKSQtklPyuV86ILc3KXwo_KM3xPUkQQvfSlNNsqC1qIHNdVO_Ke35zZn6Sw4is3xmx8swCfoEi2Q/w400-h238/5-aux.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">You can just click OK here</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>Then, making sure you've still got the <b>Move a Label, Diagram or Callout</b> button selected, you can move a label to somewhere where it has more space - so it's easier to read. This takes a bit of time, judgement and skill but don't worry if you don't get it right first time.</p><p>See below for where I've done this for lots of states - quite messily I might add. But that's fine at first, you can experiment with it later. At this stage I'd usually move some of the other state labels as well, to improve upon their positions - e.g. Florida, California, etc. This won't add a leader line because that only appears if you move the label further away from the feature.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9-OoBLlcQO6lLx5Qbvm7DZ_wxf2BwdWBgXfZYItPvynrucfuVkMg1OrkJ9tpM-vjJwqpNdxoWVWrawPFVno_L1-e7PYj3gg-EvUSnSZ3c38WgvLdJdPFOPzNBr4rsmlATx9MdtFXAhnfOYs7hjIHgkovYTOZSaGyk4jLZeFP6y0OfUSJ5mFvhkKWbiw/s1297/6-messy.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="660" data-original-width="1297" height="204" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9-OoBLlcQO6lLx5Qbvm7DZ_wxf2BwdWBgXfZYItPvynrucfuVkMg1OrkJ9tpM-vjJwqpNdxoWVWrawPFVno_L1-e7PYj3gg-EvUSnSZ3c38WgvLdJdPFOPzNBr4rsmlATx9MdtFXAhnfOYs7hjIHgkovYTOZSaGyk4jLZeFP6y0OfUSJ5mFvhkKWbiw/w400-h204/6-messy.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">We've made some progress! Oh yeah</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p><i>But let's say we want curved callouts, because they're nice, right? </i></p><p>Let's try that instead. To do this, we go back into the Layer Properties, then Labels and then in the Callouts section we change the Style from Simple lines to Curved lines, as shown below. </p><p>If you don't see all the same options as me, it's more than likely because you're using an earlier version of QGIS - or perhaps a later one. At this point you can also experiment with different curve options, like Curvature (a higher value here = a bendier line). For now I'm just going to accept the defaults and hit OK. You can always experiment with the settings later, including the different <i>anchor points</i> options.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgq07vYPulB9cd8u9IcApJgx0gAS9ZkNKU_IcBN9QQGx6vDqo0bQyojApRa7nXRxWyhBec4bTw8P8neF8JDTV-xQbO_J6zjN1PvUT8xAHkxwTD1ep8qOT6dqINvHfeSMxXq96CTUsA9GSWv1zbpdq-myFD12SJbJKqKLoR_CoGaByq_OvHZmZPaJtYGuw/s1028/7-callout-styles.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="277" data-original-width="1028" height="108" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgq07vYPulB9cd8u9IcApJgx0gAS9ZkNKU_IcBN9QQGx6vDqo0bQyojApRa7nXRxWyhBec4bTw8P8neF8JDTV-xQbO_J6zjN1PvUT8xAHkxwTD1ep8qOT6dqINvHfeSMxXq96CTUsA9GSWv1zbpdq-myFD12SJbJKqKLoR_CoGaByq_OvHZmZPaJtYGuw/w400-h108/7-callout-styles.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The different callout options</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEukLxD0PE9Vu91NBGRfDlduVtnE8yJuR8BncZXwz04aZY-sxmuvV6BpLX_iYXDMCx7DYrxIG4czaTTQMlYiSzuNsj14990ZRk8Gk3JMk0bVMye2EvGZACXr5fjGT1-V1z8iLWNRaOsNZRQj0Xk5MKLeE3N8rgUJAnCmVprNJbCwuF-geRJfNbtcaAcg/s997/8-callout-styles.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="355" data-original-width="997" height="143" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEukLxD0PE9Vu91NBGRfDlduVtnE8yJuR8BncZXwz04aZY-sxmuvV6BpLX_iYXDMCx7DYrxIG4czaTTQMlYiSzuNsj14990ZRk8Gk3JMk0bVMye2EvGZACXr5fjGT1-V1z8iLWNRaOsNZRQj0Xk5MKLeE3N8rgUJAnCmVprNJbCwuF-geRJfNbtcaAcg/w400-h143/8-callout-styles.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Curvature, and other options</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>I've gone with curved callouts in the map below, and I've moved the labels a bit too, in an attempt to try and tidy things up.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyFyPJedfoIhQpMh7pDzd1ENwTQBDmYZ0SC9d4f6A22rFbYlDayK1Sp13DQ3p6RlWMASNmBuhhv011JX7Cqg7aLSJw7dcJMXrY3Nhw62JVL5kDf5uODc8oL6ZFe676ElaFm8-0CakThLrNDu8FfvF5ABR65I5WBd7QicGWQtAdc_Xv5mFHi5-Kxwd6Qg/s1261/9-curved.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="728" data-original-width="1261" height="231" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyFyPJedfoIhQpMh7pDzd1ENwTQBDmYZ0SC9d4f6A22rFbYlDayK1Sp13DQ3p6RlWMASNmBuhhv011JX7Cqg7aLSJw7dcJMXrY3Nhw62JVL5kDf5uODc8oL6ZFe676ElaFm8-0CakThLrNDu8FfvF5ABR65I5WBd7QicGWQtAdc_Xv5mFHi5-Kxwd6Qg/w400-h231/9-curved.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Staring to look a little better now</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>Couldn't we just use state abbreviations in these states, like NH for New Hampshire? Yes we could. But sometimes we want full names, plus not everything can be abbreviated. </p><p>What about callout colours, widths, font sizes, styles and so on? Good question. You can go back into Layer Properties and then Labels and then change all that in the Text and Callouts section, as shown below when I did it. I used a callout stroke width of 0.1 instead of 0.3 and I changed the font, added a buffer and a little shadow too.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiviFy_kKY1n_o-FFhG6qxGmDzuyujkLurlFge2vxNRhIP4q3_JBICiL5HQZcg0yYKTAvj8Emg5riGTEpA6jPAqp0Je3EN6Tu7cVZltsbpOmeQalbg4ie20Awk_en5GVlBiZ0VCRxGjY2ptwEnxazaNexgfyzfsTGXWUzIvZz8uHRa6Mhhcv0dLYFOLIA/s1272/10-curved-better.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="730" data-original-width="1272" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiviFy_kKY1n_o-FFhG6qxGmDzuyujkLurlFge2vxNRhIP4q3_JBICiL5HQZcg0yYKTAvj8Emg5riGTEpA6jPAqp0Je3EN6Tu7cVZltsbpOmeQalbg4ie20Awk_en5GVlBiZ0VCRxGjY2ptwEnxazaNexgfyzfsTGXWUzIvZz8uHRa6Mhhcv0dLYFOLIA/w400-h230/10-curved-better.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">This is starting to look a little better</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>What if, say, we want the callouts to point to the edge of the state rather than the middle? Well, that's something we can change in the callout options by changing the anchor points, as I've done below where I set the Feature anchor point to Point on Exterior.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJQacF9ebrW6J7oxC74_zdcaDSx2UpQ40U8eQizxkofwHS6TkVV1qSPmbYg6ggB9DafGndC40oFGC_K4WjnkqpSMzMGte1d4_6vtwItYJ2HpUDLYwra7vZHWo6WOgpDhylzaSK_rcaqvY1Qe8o_IWPqsLUD5jRmQ64Rm_eeisHpptQDdJ-8w-0H9OSeA/s1191/11-point-on-exterior.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="722" data-original-width="1191" height="243" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJQacF9ebrW6J7oxC74_zdcaDSx2UpQ40U8eQizxkofwHS6TkVV1qSPmbYg6ggB9DafGndC40oFGC_K4WjnkqpSMzMGte1d4_6vtwItYJ2HpUDLYwra7vZHWo6WOgpDhylzaSK_rcaqvY1Qe8o_IWPqsLUD5jRmQ64Rm_eeisHpptQDdJ-8w-0H9OSeA/w400-h243/11-point-on-exterior.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The callout now points to the edge of the shape, not the middle</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>As you can see, I've gone a bit wild with the colours now (below), but just for fun. But you can also see that I've tried to make the labels all neat and tidy and get the callouts looking good too.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD4ndsHz2VHJNRZFGaHA7b0EVetnii9cTrcDbv2u0SQ2Vp969ggNjywo8aKTEk7IpaCwetY07Ji248dYFPXyWSoE_zaDBiK5QPGteK9XOLSqGp4nHwxLwca_Ni8ZTsqOzkyWfIx18DwbsjDg0ebm7kBaRwJDu5099-MDK8hysU2AEyD2VG1PH-jD2Jfw/s3428/12-colours-etc.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1840" data-original-width="3428" height="215" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD4ndsHz2VHJNRZFGaHA7b0EVetnii9cTrcDbv2u0SQ2Vp969ggNjywo8aKTEk7IpaCwetY07Ji248dYFPXyWSoE_zaDBiK5QPGteK9XOLSqGp4nHwxLwca_Ni8ZTsqOzkyWfIx18DwbsjDg0ebm7kBaRwJDu5099-MDK8hysU2AEyD2VG1PH-jD2Jfw/w400-h215/12-colours-etc.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">This is more like it - at least in terms of the callouts</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p><b>So, to recap on this bit...</b></p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Make sure you can see the Label Toolbar</li><li>Turn Callouts on via the Layer Properties, in the Labels section, and pick what kind of callout you want.</li><li>Experiment with placement, as well as font styles, line styles and so on.</li><li>Experiment a bit more.</li></ul><div><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: left;">Other things to think about - e.g. different kinds of data</h3><div>The example above uses US states, but there are lots of cases in countries, regions and cities across the world where such an approach is useful - e.g. where some labels will fit within features but some won't and you need to find a solution. </div><div><br /></div><div>Sometimes callouts are the solution. But sometimes we might want to have callouts on every feature. We can do that too, but it's not necessarily that obvious at first so let's have a look.</div><div><br /></div><div>To turn callouts on for every feature (e.g. points, lines or polygons) - and actually see the callout lines...</div><div><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Go to Layer Properties for the layer you want the callouts on.</li><li>Go to the Labels section and turn labels on.</li><li>Within the Labels section go to Callouts and turn them on.</li><li>I tend to use curved lines rather than straight lines, but it's up to you - it all depends.</li><li>Now go to the Placement section, still within Labels - it should be below Callouts (see screenshot below).</li><li>By default, the Distance in Placement will be 0, so when you turn callouts on you won't actually see a line unless you increase the Distance. The Distance here refers to how far the label is away from the feature (e.g. a point).</li><li>You probably won't want to have callouts on every feature most of the time, but that's what this does. See below for an example with a US cities layer. Once you click OK to exit Layer Properties you'll see the result.</li></ol></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRGsOYhudJNsAkgIRUymX6-1Lp7D1_zd7VjC4LFSC48SA1OERHK63NfQiOs4yr6qbgldiHHMqHxjTTwolwywVuLQYEwqvuYYGW5D6dSYauNMFqXpTS0c0c3Bw6rNx6IGtaR5m0zDvGoIyCzhEcGdVG3yv4WgzsCIaw419XKNHDPalfjy6U98Hh7WtQIA/s1087/15-distance.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="840" data-original-width="1087" height="309" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRGsOYhudJNsAkgIRUymX6-1Lp7D1_zd7VjC4LFSC48SA1OERHK63NfQiOs4yr6qbgldiHHMqHxjTTwolwywVuLQYEwqvuYYGW5D6dSYauNMFqXpTS0c0c3Bw6rNx6IGtaR5m0zDvGoIyCzhEcGdVG3yv4WgzsCIaw419XKNHDPalfjy6U98Hh7WtQIA/w400-h309/15-distance.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Placement is very important with callouts</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgK56fjcRiBUW2kb6GkqsLMSYR4zQKltwgWWAyDVzujwNGX3ftb48ik8fUHy_fmy2Zj0IYEcpiVfLW4PQ7UNqLNhPnv7PfVP0NTxg02nw6__HTZ3cB41RFu9HYLFgwAXBsB6lQh2UtOe0gC137ck6cbXNJlKNXSATZFTJuKJiGYtw6UjvtOY036xJ-BCQ/s541/16-labels-callouts.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="481" data-original-width="541" height="356" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgK56fjcRiBUW2kb6GkqsLMSYR4zQKltwgWWAyDVzujwNGX3ftb48ik8fUHy_fmy2Zj0IYEcpiVfLW4PQ7UNqLNhPnv7PfVP0NTxg02nw6__HTZ3cB41RFu9HYLFgwAXBsB6lQh2UtOe0gC137ck6cbXNJlKNXSATZFTJuKJiGYtw6UjvtOY036xJ-BCQ/w400-h356/16-labels-callouts.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">We don't always want callouts, but sometimes we do</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div>Once you've done this, you can of course move labels around using the Label Toolbar, just like you did before.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: left;">Other useful/important stuff</h3><div>Okay, so we've got some callouts now, and that's fine. But as you can probably tell there are LOADS of other things you can tweak with labels so I'm not going to cover everything. It's just a case of trying this and then experimenting with all the options. However, there are a few extra useful and/or important things I think you should know.</div><div><br /></div><h4 style="text-align: left;">Once I've manually moved labels using the Label Toolbar, how do I reset the label positions to get them back to how they were originally?</h4><div>A good question! Further above when we started to move labels I mentioned how you get that mysterious <b>Auxiliary Storage: Choose Primary Key</b> window pop up when you start to move labels. I said to click OK, and that was fine because it works. But you may not have noticed that it changes the label placement settings under Data defined, as shown below. To reset this, just click the X and the Y and hit Deactivate and you should be back to the original default placement.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj38Ipetp6U8b8iaoKF-6p58C_jeR2GGexSK9peimT3v4BzWLKQ9byc20L6euuYCNKXaADXOdqOdSPQotB9sdmUsq0_DQfHX3hI3Ll2_oBUtIYk4RyLSf-Qo758vk8Aj_eGlqqi5IjkzRiIbqrXqGb9jIVCbTxfKSns13Hmqmorok2pRzwidg6W1njjsA/s1092/17-deactivate.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="967" data-original-width="1092" height="354" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj38Ipetp6U8b8iaoKF-6p58C_jeR2GGexSK9peimT3v4BzWLKQ9byc20L6euuYCNKXaADXOdqOdSPQotB9sdmUsq0_DQfHX3hI3Ll2_oBUtIYk4RyLSf-Qo758vk8Aj_eGlqqi5IjkzRiIbqrXqGb9jIVCbTxfKSns13Hmqmorok2pRzwidg6W1njjsA/w400-h354/17-deactivate.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Not a lot of people realise this is here</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><h4 style="text-align: left;">When I turn on labels the callout goes to the centre of a point feature and I don't like that!</h4><div>Okay, yes, this is a good thing to know how to fix. You can see below in my US cities example how the callout goes right into the centre of the dot. I don't want this so I need to change some settings.</div><div><br /></div><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIKgYaEp-91rcdaPFleqRLd34xwWpknH9hE4qYfsb3y1gdJi-Q5ny41KePOBiS4lyVPLWbo8aabV3wj3DhBiSD0zRVkkz0wH2QU6zb2jVp1LYRV3eLP6clcwlN05AydWDzFrSoduvzH8ZFjwRH8sCfcglUrT0N6VbxGys5v0RS8NVAGOpUaQgSyxcvbA/s667/18-line-in-dot.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="331" data-original-width="667" height="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIKgYaEp-91rcdaPFleqRLd34xwWpknH9hE4qYfsb3y1gdJi-Q5ny41KePOBiS4lyVPLWbo8aabV3wj3DhBiSD0zRVkkz0wH2QU6zb2jVp1LYRV3eLP6clcwlN05AydWDzFrSoduvzH8ZFjwRH8sCfcglUrT0N6VbxGys5v0RS8NVAGOpUaQgSyxcvbA/w400-h199/18-line-in-dot.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Callout goes to centre of the point feature</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6RqYGC1fyD-i3ABd_2Db5qmQpJMUfTyzqqvitViwk8A-edRIXxbDN-RuVRUYvqK770FdUrmTLsqJQB84DNv_2dCij9Mxu4dGhEh370wx0yHjgRHzCjNzb-cy-zodCW_gj698WLN2Syo9yN90Uk-aR0oL_tXzIS7RqlAYwRKGRUVHlZjDGSG4qm-zNOw/s1481/19-line-move.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="970" data-original-width="1481" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6RqYGC1fyD-i3ABd_2Db5qmQpJMUfTyzqqvitViwk8A-edRIXxbDN-RuVRUYvqK770FdUrmTLsqJQB84DNv_2dCij9Mxu4dGhEh370wx0yHjgRHzCjNzb-cy-zodCW_gj698WLN2Syo9yN90Uk-aR0oL_tXzIS7RqlAYwRKGRUVHlZjDGSG4qm-zNOw/w400-h263/19-line-move.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Offset from feature is what you need to edit here</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>As you can see from the screenshot above, I've edited the Offset from feature setting to move the callout line away from the point a little bit - I think it looks better this way. You can also experiment with lots of other settings here, depending upon what you want to achieve.</p><p><br /></p><h4 style="text-align: left;">What do Manhattan lines look like? </h4><p>Another good question. They look just like the example below. They are called Manhattan because of the street grid in Manhattan, which is all right angles - well, a lot of it. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPnM9t-OjD27SFVOF1mF9Tb7hqr5sxgp0DjmqpnsoPXw2jvibFWeVEckQnspEVVTVpywKtN7LG4Cixkgp7I9NKxF-KdstgroNFzzENjM343TC4AvbIFpE_0mPxUT_5l98ASE5P7hFmQU8jrbot2kHZVhkqxjuZdLy4ltvcpr8aHZqfUErEF2SBZJOpyg/s1794/20-manhattan.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="998" data-original-width="1794" height="223" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPnM9t-OjD27SFVOF1mF9Tb7hqr5sxgp0DjmqpnsoPXw2jvibFWeVEckQnspEVVTVpywKtN7LG4Cixkgp7I9NKxF-KdstgroNFzzENjM343TC4AvbIFpE_0mPxUT_5l98ASE5P7hFmQU8jrbot2kHZVhkqxjuZdLy4ltvcpr8aHZqfUErEF2SBZJOpyg/w400-h223/20-manhattan.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Just take time to experiment here</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>Okay, that's it for now. This post is a bit messy but I'll fix any errors or clarify anything that isn't clear if anyone gets in touch. See below for a little animation of different callout types - using a dataset for US cities. I wouldn't normally need to use callouts here, so this is just for demonstration purposes.</p><p>Hope you find this useful!</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP0AZgyl7ya3tkBN_zSPKRstrhTk5MhRnL95Vp-wh7rhKUDV9MOjM-QmAvtpHGIEsGEkVLiob4r1By-aIdmHlOTsL5CfG5nbMyOj1WAKkKyLQTTAT6Yqby99WyU_S-hyiNvBeiZGjJelozYYtryNdep03SYLF6LP7WRCgz96d72LKYo65rn7G5ocbFog/s1200/callouts-options.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="644" data-original-width="1200" height="215" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP0AZgyl7ya3tkBN_zSPKRstrhTk5MhRnL95Vp-wh7rhKUDV9MOjM-QmAvtpHGIEsGEkVLiob4r1By-aIdmHlOTsL5CfG5nbMyOj1WAKkKyLQTTAT6Yqby99WyU_S-hyiNvBeiZGjJelozYYtryNdep03SYLF6LP7WRCgz96d72LKYo65rn7G5ocbFog/w400-h215/callouts-options.gif" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">But I wouldn't usually use callouts in this case!</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p><br /></p><p><br /></p>Alasdair Raehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12959449302596057979noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6894643731791231365.post-66017539125068938892022-12-20T00:24:00.004-08:002022-12-20T00:24:56.279-08:00Population by altitude in Great Britain<p>This topic of population by <i><b>latitude </b></i>has always interested me, and it's something I've written about here <a href="http://www.statsmapsnpix.com/2021/11/world-population-by-latitude.html" target="_blank">before</a>. But I'm also very interested in population by <i><b>altitude</b></i>, so that's what this short post is about - population by altitude across Great Britain. This is one of a few pieces I've had sitting on my computer, unfinished, for a while so I'm posting what I have now because I think people might find it interesting.</p><p>If you're interested in the topic more generally - and globally - check out this <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.95.24.14009" target="_blank">PNAS paper from 1998</a>, it's very interesting. Okay, so here are my results, in the chart below.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8vK9biwMI0TYALlB9WGzN5Q3rdqy2F_KAujtg7WfcVz76Pz322tPZKOaD-XMAOD4KxtvY3EWN0G_VU4LHYwvondUOaLa4d7N3AAirXNxj9vXJwaAl0ROAb0maYCSVLcp4ilyAn2ulfGx593tgfdkY099lBTrIUCj-gGWb5gwXEmvxex24LQOKJfyhfg/s1478/pop-by-altitude-gb.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1478" data-original-width="924" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8vK9biwMI0TYALlB9WGzN5Q3rdqy2F_KAujtg7WfcVz76Pz322tPZKOaD-XMAOD4KxtvY3EWN0G_VU4LHYwvondUOaLa4d7N3AAirXNxj9vXJwaAl0ROAb0maYCSVLcp4ilyAn2ulfGx593tgfdkY099lBTrIUCj-gGWb5gwXEmvxex24LQOKJfyhfg/w250-h400/pop-by-altitude-gb.png" width="250" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Not massively surprising, but quite interesting</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>So what are we to make of this? Well, hardly anyone lives above 400 metres above sea level. In places like Wanlockhead (467m / 1,531ft) in Dumfries and Galloway or Flash (463m / 1,519ft) in Staffordshire there aren't that many people and actually these numbers are disputed because Flash is said to be the actual highest village in Britain. Either way, they are relatively high up. So, let's summarise those numbers a bit more.</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>About 50% of the population appears to live at 50 metres or lower</li><li>About 25% live at 100 metres or higher</li><li>About 3% live at 200 metres or higher</li></ul><div>That's about all for today, apart from the map below and then a few words on method.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7mzIRoWTOIx1c-81vu7v4K8JNAUiJq89nvMyjkpNMkMio2kvsOCG8mXXm2VQQ_zVH9xjPpfKcw1NxhzrqJEJ5FM-kajpxUqzFWk9rD03xtO1Py_ORO3g5rfkZVV2IHvKRc0EBZRsmDaV0iWC76TIe7VZGpL8PkGqJHYxT7nme4gOezPZN7JKw_QRJmw/s2420/elev-gb-1km-v2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1840" data-original-width="2420" height="304" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7mzIRoWTOIx1c-81vu7v4K8JNAUiJq89nvMyjkpNMkMio2kvsOCG8mXXm2VQQ_zVH9xjPpfKcw1NxhzrqJEJ5FM-kajpxUqzFWk9rD03xtO1Py_ORO3g5rfkZVV2IHvKRc0EBZRsmDaV0iWC76TIe7VZGpL8PkGqJHYxT7nme4gOezPZN7JKw_QRJmw/w400-h304/elev-gb-1km-v2.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Uplands and lowlands of Great Britain</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><p></p><p>The method was basically this: take the Ordnance Survey 50 metre resolution elevation dataset for Great Britain. Take the 2020 WorldPop 1km population dataset. Aggregate elevation to an average value for each 1km cell across Great Britain then use that to sum population by altitude. Yes, this won't be perfect but I think the results are pretty decent given the data we have available. I haven't seen anyone else do these calculations but please let me know if you've done it and got similar/different results.</p><p><br /></p>Alasdair Raehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12959449302596057979noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6894643731791231365.post-1181769179713988752022-11-05T14:14:00.016-07:002022-11-06T01:28:24.563-08:00Two decades of city centre population growth in England<p>Back in 2013 I published <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0264275113000383" target="_blank">a paper in the journal <i>Cities</i></a> with the following title:<i> 'English urban policy and the return to the city: A decade of growth, 2001–2011'</i>. I actually wrote it in 2012 and it drew upon some of the urban policy things I'd written about in my PhD a few years earlier. If I had access to the paper now, or if I wanted to spend $27.95, I could even read it again but the gist of it was this: people came back to the city centre, in quite big numbers, between 2001 and 2011. </p><p>You don't need an academic journal paper to tell you that because you couldn't see it just by walking around, obviously. But really it was about a bit more than population and it discussed New Labour urban policy, the Urban White Paper of 2000 and lots of other stuff. I've also just discovered that it has <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=5809029046836838898" target="_blank">61 citations on Google Scholar,</a> which means as many as 61 people were at one point potentially aware of its existence and some might even have read it. Okay, too much preamble, time for a map - showing the population of the central Manchester and Salford wards that more than doubled in population between 2001 and 2020 (I don't have the census data for wards yet).</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDcR5qQ3DvQzrYbty5Xq45Pyv6cZD6d-uYorcRlxvbELg0lAdaJTCc_pUuyr8EWU1A4vMnd71hcqBq9NIpFiPdpFzyIi-CZ-Hlu5JU2dm52EMz4VpRqQ9B7mjPSsrFe47jJ3WQ1h2Xh3IeRD6TEupmj1VvX59ocUqEu65rx7FVAHq2jNLLJByoo1uxHA/s1561/central-manchester.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="736" data-original-width="1561" height="189" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDcR5qQ3DvQzrYbty5Xq45Pyv6cZD6d-uYorcRlxvbELg0lAdaJTCc_pUuyr8EWU1A4vMnd71hcqBq9NIpFiPdpFzyIi-CZ-Hlu5JU2dm52EMz4VpRqQ9B7mjPSsrFe47jJ3WQ1h2Xh3IeRD6TEupmj1VvX59ocUqEu65rx7FVAHq2jNLLJByoo1uxHA/w400-h189/central-manchester.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Source data:</b> ONS ward-level <a href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/wardlevelmidyearpopulationestimatesexperimental" target="_blank">population estimates</a>, 2001-2020</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p><b>Why was I thinking about this?</b> </p><p>It's because of the release this week of a big wodge of <a href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/census/maps/choropleth/population/median-age/median-age/median-age" target="_blank">local Census 2021 data</a> for England and Wales. I thought I'd go and look at the changes from 2001 to 2021 but then I couldn't find quite what I was looking for (ward population data) so I went and looked at the mid-year population data for wards instead, and how I find myself writing about it here because it's quite interesting.</p><p>If you haven't already spotted these things, three observations from the map above:</p><p></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Salford Quays ward had less than 1,000 people living in it in 2001.</li><li>Central Manchester/Salford has the largest collection of contiguous wards (6) in England and Wales that more than doubled in population between 2001 and 2020 - the population now in the six wards above is about 85,000, compared to 24,000 in 2001 and 50,000 in 2011.</li><li>Deansgate and Piccadilly wards in Manchester look like a rabbit (Piccadilly) getting a piggyback on a goose (Deansgate - see below). This is the unintended consequence of me looking at map data for too long, but it's a clear fact. </li></ol><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAHj1PItU-8T6idSft5nUzOhIJxu7xb1zyetOa0CdBsg2xSBh6SBz1AdadpdepKFmdFKQnuWuEyYDd0dh9_ka9ffmlTYPn08dGvKk-Des1cFXZy98xBRQ50_eQTmPLmJu6b1hU8rMffkB51Mbx_mf5qJlJwyqQMWZDTjECxYRNFvnOhM1tuqY1o1Jrpw/s1561/goose-rabbit.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="736" data-original-width="1561" height="189" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAHj1PItU-8T6idSft5nUzOhIJxu7xb1zyetOa0CdBsg2xSBh6SBz1AdadpdepKFmdFKQnuWuEyYDd0dh9_ka9ffmlTYPn08dGvKk-Des1cFXZy98xBRQ50_eQTmPLmJu6b1hU8rMffkB51Mbx_mf5qJlJwyqQMWZDTjECxYRNFvnOhM1tuqY1o1Jrpw/w400-h189/goose-rabbit.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">I'm not wrong, am I?</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div>The numbers are of course not surprising if you've ever stepped foot in an English city centre over the past 20 years but it's quite interesting to be able to put a number on things. So now I'll share more maps of different cities, showing the 2001, 2011 and 2020 population data, like I have for central Manchester above (all areas shown more than doubled in population from 2001 to 2020).</div><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEKPqMa6gGgkXwRe3R4XWGVg0vo0kk7JSV6_UzGUXjys0lYLPon2cdjuqe291KcAGLycacv_zW2FrzfT-Z8bgtTTAWJg4LLFZtcyB1LkM0vEuUpDwyTVXppiIygThs66QiSlaI8p2TFUWgPbxIZr8xAIWn4TbGeyIxUBnwArwYakKErEpoPkv9cfVnWw/s1561/central-birmingham.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="736" data-original-width="1561" height="189" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEKPqMa6gGgkXwRe3R4XWGVg0vo0kk7JSV6_UzGUXjys0lYLPon2cdjuqe291KcAGLycacv_zW2FrzfT-Z8bgtTTAWJg4LLFZtcyB1LkM0vEuUpDwyTVXppiIygThs66QiSlaI8p2TFUWgPbxIZr8xAIWn4TbGeyIxUBnwArwYakKErEpoPkv9cfVnWw/w400-h189/central-birmingham.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Birmingham</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif0nGhVsBc2Df2KRV1YEc0hKOL5Hgy5SGfouOeNZ0qoGgyOtU39Fnkz4vmrKpSDXgGAw6NbN51ataPTqzTXG3FhSg9Q9UeCpwoXHPGgBbCRwsjbVJy5melOgjjmBSyESgo-LWIx5HcmHBTfq_sU8zNAESfj-rGwCA2igaG3IF9uswjfmv9hzLyPs3z0w/s1561/central-bristol.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="736" data-original-width="1561" height="189" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif0nGhVsBc2Df2KRV1YEc0hKOL5Hgy5SGfouOeNZ0qoGgyOtU39Fnkz4vmrKpSDXgGAw6NbN51ataPTqzTXG3FhSg9Q9UeCpwoXHPGgBbCRwsjbVJy5melOgjjmBSyESgo-LWIx5HcmHBTfq_sU8zNAESfj-rGwCA2igaG3IF9uswjfmv9hzLyPs3z0w/w400-h189/central-bristol.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bristol</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiirXGzLi5_pvcf2niD3Uyv2LXo1y-6FaNAp1rbhvJES7O6EyCz8BpYrVDWstHbC5uR6R48j_chH1-8jubNVMXdQmm3AitjW4uvQYaYZ0SF3PQNrnxyZQ8x1byIf-DJbpBEUtwJ933A_5kdwpK23BBscFvzq3LHG2iyNfZF8TF-TL55-tyxKB9E8ZSg4A/s1561/central-leeds.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="736" data-original-width="1561" height="189" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiirXGzLi5_pvcf2niD3Uyv2LXo1y-6FaNAp1rbhvJES7O6EyCz8BpYrVDWstHbC5uR6R48j_chH1-8jubNVMXdQmm3AitjW4uvQYaYZ0SF3PQNrnxyZQ8x1byIf-DJbpBEUtwJ933A_5kdwpK23BBscFvzq3LHG2iyNfZF8TF-TL55-tyxKB9E8ZSg4A/w400-h189/central-leeds.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Leeds</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3rWQ1E4i13egWVNUsNI1k60F7gUF_8F2IAJUGqwkO_S5iDLouhmABYv4u8sOsbQV_4qjEz9cZDxL2bjDQryVgcarkwUluWIlT0N0Stl_TA6U2QEmYDjBhzjaQ2zxPcQQmVcyQ_iSrpIfPdKvLCPxw4oBb469puq2RmsEdCdG9A9i9JIbLJsVSROg8Bg/s1561/central-leicester.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="736" data-original-width="1561" height="189" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3rWQ1E4i13egWVNUsNI1k60F7gUF_8F2IAJUGqwkO_S5iDLouhmABYv4u8sOsbQV_4qjEz9cZDxL2bjDQryVgcarkwUluWIlT0N0Stl_TA6U2QEmYDjBhzjaQ2zxPcQQmVcyQ_iSrpIfPdKvLCPxw4oBb469puq2RmsEdCdG9A9i9JIbLJsVSROg8Bg/w400-h189/central-leicester.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Leicester</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7DbNqedaSOYNPFecNPTcpYA5BtHRW5eE5Nn1W5UW8T2EuBZd05AZThvL3c5GIFXhOlprxSVkC0KFClB02MnTRwkghK4R5oOkeJK-xjsYXoquyytPYAi9F615Z89J6m70C22Aw-VLu0_Bua6x_qoAGg9laQ-VUtEjku_9BJkpMrkBKZC8E_gjTvTYSGA/s1561/central-liverpool.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="736" data-original-width="1561" height="189" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7DbNqedaSOYNPFecNPTcpYA5BtHRW5eE5Nn1W5UW8T2EuBZd05AZThvL3c5GIFXhOlprxSVkC0KFClB02MnTRwkghK4R5oOkeJK-xjsYXoquyytPYAi9F615Z89J6m70C22Aw-VLu0_Bua6x_qoAGg9laQ-VUtEjku_9BJkpMrkBKZC8E_gjTvTYSGA/w400-h189/central-liverpool.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Liverpool</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-tW4pBnhHynKW6WKM-FMrs1a0ocw2kfjQj36ZFhGgbh4EJHpI_3jhROtIPxcMU9jdrWg0F_6wU8AaQuZik8TOluCTvJ8-BSSzpBY720Rn1hjSET6DNSDgJQhDu9uLJ-fCDjtLvpfeYNCeQb0r9WymHXZnkBnct50UGo-EiKDg4HZPtsglHa5XNLIykw/s1561/central-london-1.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="736" data-original-width="1561" height="189" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-tW4pBnhHynKW6WKM-FMrs1a0ocw2kfjQj36ZFhGgbh4EJHpI_3jhROtIPxcMU9jdrWg0F_6wU8AaQuZik8TOluCTvJ8-BSSzpBY720Rn1hjSET6DNSDgJQhDu9uLJ-fCDjtLvpfeYNCeQb0r9WymHXZnkBnct50UGo-EiKDg4HZPtsglHa5XNLIykw/w400-h189/central-london-1.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">East London (1) - plus a bit non-East London</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqbpl_gMPLrWc7_iVFp5ZVqk60lgV2QEWsfCsjH18ROPZi5uFqzDJTFS7WNFobFrfhXhPr-R93Rjz1TOXh1IQ9RPr1z8Kb0h3nE_w8n-Bhh9s128cSAc9s5e4z-w1cKJoNdAU6jwiawfChSYfAReupEfBLIquAqYIsF9TMm2zYh0DpOVPLduGtLT9T5Q/s1561/central-london-2.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="736" data-original-width="1561" height="189" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqbpl_gMPLrWc7_iVFp5ZVqk60lgV2QEWsfCsjH18ROPZi5uFqzDJTFS7WNFobFrfhXhPr-R93Rjz1TOXh1IQ9RPr1z8Kb0h3nE_w8n-Bhh9s128cSAc9s5e4z-w1cKJoNdAU6jwiawfChSYfAReupEfBLIquAqYIsF9TMm2zYh0DpOVPLduGtLT9T5Q/w400-h189/central-london-2.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">East London (2)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv5CVphqxuOyihnmOt1FsFKxYAjHXWfA3XVoURwoA0k2H4mBSuIbr90Neb-32QrJOUk7TuvDSsXV84QpjaQ6IMs4flQs6OMR6jeI_sZKN3V4Wu06r3QgBmdwJJZ7bI4WBrJcU0zv-yZfNekJBAfwmx62CyyUxZusB5xQReHM8z6nz5wuh6NXE6GI8udw/s1561/central-newcastle.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="736" data-original-width="1561" height="189" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv5CVphqxuOyihnmOt1FsFKxYAjHXWfA3XVoURwoA0k2H4mBSuIbr90Neb-32QrJOUk7TuvDSsXV84QpjaQ6IMs4flQs6OMR6jeI_sZKN3V4Wu06r3QgBmdwJJZ7bI4WBrJcU0zv-yZfNekJBAfwmx62CyyUxZusB5xQReHM8z6nz5wuh6NXE6GI8udw/w400-h189/central-newcastle.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Newcastle</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1G6_qV22mMn-GeTfgeJd45f4f8pH23VP5TwIBi8jySEyTPRZTxYXwAiQhuVl9b-UtsApOTqQeecI_nhii0AafeIM4m6cqQd3fc30nbiPT92f20bm3FssOz5VmrVERVlf2k7KMC33kd8TB0o8GqmBV6Z48KNJD3Rewor7X9N7ikNTeHuuLfmb2giZ3yw/s1561/central-nottingham.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="736" data-original-width="1561" height="189" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1G6_qV22mMn-GeTfgeJd45f4f8pH23VP5TwIBi8jySEyTPRZTxYXwAiQhuVl9b-UtsApOTqQeecI_nhii0AafeIM4m6cqQd3fc30nbiPT92f20bm3FssOz5VmrVERVlf2k7KMC33kd8TB0o8GqmBV6Z48KNJD3Rewor7X9N7ikNTeHuuLfmb2giZ3yw/w400-h189/central-nottingham.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Nottingham</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgam7OzJUBwHpYvIjLKrU1xYGJclKWZ1A9gup242GiMfnTvY_XoZOr8_4eI9OLJ9KdG865X5QmdMY-JIxUrPUy6d5u_BU52-sC7ifsSrjjnsMtJB9g65bFs8nvJTUV8dPtwsJmFRhW5gTxDtBIEpGHx4ftLJWbBO_12YE1OGl_5C8uDbhWI6w8wWIxYWA/s1561/central-sheffield.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="736" data-original-width="1561" height="189" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgam7OzJUBwHpYvIjLKrU1xYGJclKWZ1A9gup242GiMfnTvY_XoZOr8_4eI9OLJ9KdG865X5QmdMY-JIxUrPUy6d5u_BU52-sC7ifsSrjjnsMtJB9g65bFs8nvJTUV8dPtwsJmFRhW5gTxDtBIEpGHx4ftLJWbBO_12YE1OGl_5C8uDbhWI6w8wWIxYWA/w400-h189/central-sheffield.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sheffield - check out those numbers!</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik7RCGVGYTTkGOY6FyUDtzz4wCvmwX4hytnaJBCsgOQkXt9hmpGPrakpFZY-H0MPe6uWd_JAwKPIzNWe_g7ErEyZljlvElpeqFHyrrVjPkfUvoOdri01u8WUsHlTJNPdESDcjfBWKg20dlXPV2ruKkwgQx3ZPd74fLxi77nFsdTlqSG_4IRvAh6Tmx1A/s1561/central-southampton.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="736" data-original-width="1561" height="189" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik7RCGVGYTTkGOY6FyUDtzz4wCvmwX4hytnaJBCsgOQkXt9hmpGPrakpFZY-H0MPe6uWd_JAwKPIzNWe_g7ErEyZljlvElpeqFHyrrVjPkfUvoOdri01u8WUsHlTJNPdESDcjfBWKg20dlXPV2ruKkwgQx3ZPd74fLxi77nFsdTlqSG_4IRvAh6Tmx1A/w400-h189/central-southampton.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Southampton</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p><b>Who are all these new people? </b>Well, again it's not that hard to fathom if you have been paying any attention but a mix of students in new private sector accommodation, the so-called 'young professionals' estate agents seem to love and a mix of other folk, including some families and whatnot. Could also say stuff about brownfield sites here, as well as New Labour urban policy (the old 60% target) but that doesn't interest me much these days so I'll leave it at that.</p><p>Oh, go on then, a few more.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLqmeDDkqSBzzBnJJXRx9V0LrJgeSVJmuMoXpYoVzktY6UVF4JvspJMIyIRj-fTBCatvPd-UxGe9ZTIWvLBRdAZgaAERop2DJ5u2WjRn3j8VH0E1cneDTMOD6LNo_QJAtq4HryxYjZOGc6yNDBB1NiHdll_omAatCHwKT6xF3VkqM-gw7pbNnSfQwK3g/s1561/cardiff.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="736" data-original-width="1561" height="189" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLqmeDDkqSBzzBnJJXRx9V0LrJgeSVJmuMoXpYoVzktY6UVF4JvspJMIyIRj-fTBCatvPd-UxGe9ZTIWvLBRdAZgaAERop2DJ5u2WjRn3j8VH0E1cneDTMOD6LNo_QJAtq4HryxYjZOGc6yNDBB1NiHdll_omAatCHwKT6xF3VkqM-gw7pbNnSfQwK3g/w400-h189/cardiff.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cardiff - yes, 100% NOT in England! But interesting</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinjk28k34BfKzVyfST_W4bre18G0EEHQBtbj_d1fDKv00C1ir1OvfMRH5Fv0vF-u6jVCATyaiydrwc9zu-YgALnVtv_W-fQ5Bj7vMUbdutxuIBqKnOUODkuyvcCSzGDUuw3aUq-VjpIdN_wRotEt_RIrhRMo3RRE2uDFGUr92A-yrxO1aG_YJgB9Njwg/s1561/central-bournemouth.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="736" data-original-width="1561" height="189" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinjk28k34BfKzVyfST_W4bre18G0EEHQBtbj_d1fDKv00C1ir1OvfMRH5Fv0vF-u6jVCATyaiydrwc9zu-YgALnVtv_W-fQ5Bj7vMUbdutxuIBqKnOUODkuyvcCSzGDUuw3aUq-VjpIdN_wRotEt_RIrhRMo3RRE2uDFGUr92A-yrxO1aG_YJgB9Njwg/w400-h189/central-bournemouth.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bournemouth</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEio2NnKoiRNt6YdUSoadtyfsCS3RHsZx0X-gIaB99GQCV9jr1PBW1z-tQMVXgmeF_XeeOeBlTqgEaSA899RQfkkg2Y1kTOFSEt_SoTXq68etW5uD9c640IfpSV1X0Th5yJF5vEYS0R01sYHp5z6opeJVZhuu3mskqFXvFIKnChjEWrJzLFkJ4lIc4Bl-g/s1561/goose-rabbit.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="736" data-original-width="1561" height="189" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEio2NnKoiRNt6YdUSoadtyfsCS3RHsZx0X-gIaB99GQCV9jr1PBW1z-tQMVXgmeF_XeeOeBlTqgEaSA899RQfkkg2Y1kTOFSEt_SoTXq68etW5uD9c640IfpSV1X0Th5yJF5vEYS0R01sYHp5z6opeJVZhuu3mskqFXvFIKnChjEWrJzLFkJ4lIc4Bl-g/w400-h189/goose-rabbit.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">I can't unsee it</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYyKfvuhKFUbUuY93cq7dySYcmHiyX4WExdj1xNGBVCJJabk7sKiOZZHpyZQY_j5jgcRO12skjJiFhqMZDnRoxFK8ice7Kg2FdgpaoxKabuCpH60QS1pkWxSw5GS4ZrjCVRj3xa2W_KQkbH4s-pwzbhPJ41HHYcxNcLwaOJxTWnWL3AUkDGCRj2jNN6g/s1561/poundbury.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="736" data-original-width="1561" height="189" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYyKfvuhKFUbUuY93cq7dySYcmHiyX4WExdj1xNGBVCJJabk7sKiOZZHpyZQY_j5jgcRO12skjJiFhqMZDnRoxFK8ice7Kg2FdgpaoxKabuCpH60QS1pkWxSw5GS4ZrjCVRj3xa2W_KQkbH4s-pwzbhPJ41HHYcxNcLwaOJxTWnWL3AUkDGCRj2jNN6g/w400-h189/poundbury.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Poundbury</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEG01nXA7VU2ZsTsAlBuwh2hETjVMR-S8GLklkoT3H3SdnZjOWSoUNTLyvwRzoAjsFlRT2xPsY_ju494PrwgoSH8GAWY7whkAnjfmsK8BSma_CfBT1wzgqDVZUVZY-1YtiZ10heuVsmyqOXYx1NqvxapYsiHICHF3Dhtuy7B94EGYcPC86sUQPAsDGGg/s1561/east-london-3.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="736" data-original-width="1561" height="189" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEG01nXA7VU2ZsTsAlBuwh2hETjVMR-S8GLklkoT3H3SdnZjOWSoUNTLyvwRzoAjsFlRT2xPsY_ju494PrwgoSH8GAWY7whkAnjfmsK8BSma_CfBT1wzgqDVZUVZY-1YtiZ10heuVsmyqOXYx1NqvxapYsiHICHF3Dhtuy7B94EGYcPC86sUQPAsDGGg/w400-h189/east-london-3.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">This one was missing a label in the version above</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEG01nXA7VU2ZsTsAlBuwh2hETjVMR-S8GLklkoT3H3SdnZjOWSoUNTLyvwRzoAjsFlRT2xPsY_ju494PrwgoSH8GAWY7whkAnjfmsK8BSma_CfBT1wzgqDVZUVZY-1YtiZ10heuVsmyqOXYx1NqvxapYsiHICHF3Dhtuy7B94EGYcPC86sUQPAsDGGg/s1561/east-london-3.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div><br />Alasdair Raehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12959449302596057979noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6894643731791231365.post-20098836270212496952022-10-09T03:32:00.003-07:002022-10-11T23:56:48.103-07:00Cometmaps<p>In one of my many 'playing around with map stuff and then posting it on twitter' adventures, I recently posted a kind of comet map - see below. This started off as something completely different but once I had the basic idea I then wondered what kind of data I could apply it to, and that's why I did it to the UK political map of 2019. Read on below for how I did it, as well as how you can replicate it pretty easily in QGIS. <b>Scroll straight to the bottom if you're just looking for the 'how-to', as well as a bit more on how this kind of thing might work on a US county-level election map.</b></p>
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet"><p dir="ltr" lang="en">Map of the day is a very comet-style UK general election 2019 map experiment, where<br /><br />- colour of dot = winning party<br />- comet trail colour = second place<br />- comet train length = how far behind second place was<br /><br />(dot is just a coloured centroid, see Alt text for QGIS geom gen code) <a href="https://t.co/tx04FYxkIX">pic.twitter.com/tx04FYxkIX</a></p>— Alasdair Rae (@undertheraedar) <a href="https://twitter.com/undertheraedar/status/1578276475924807680?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">October 7, 2022</a></blockquote> <script async="" charset="utf-8" src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js"></script>
First of all, this was done in QGIS. I'm sure it could be done lots of ways, but I did it in QGIS using something called 'geometry generator', which is basically just a little bit of code that can be used to style things more fancily than just clicking a button and selecting a colour and shape. <div><br /></div><div>My starting point was actually just to see if instead of displaying things as polygons I could display them as lines that went from one corner of an area's bounding box to another - in this case from the far south-west to the far north-east corner of a shape's bounding box. That was easy enough - and the result is shown below. I did it with UK local authority areas, then moved on to doing it with constituencies - which you can grab from my Automatic Knowledge <a href="https://automaticknowledge.co.uk/resources/" target="_blank">resources</a> page.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidDQ8HNu6GCUm3AHw7Vez9f2_BtwIPWjPL93rW9ggJO_8LGFJKWq8PPKcE3MdBwi7gx2PfDXxsZ8xuCTXNswRxINapnMvodm7WvIhppTBWxuRGwidh-uhxZKS35FaTvQU9XQLiayJfjoRYDLF9JaFVZMST_7XuR0KJyinLQFFLVQzG5kEzMydt37T6QQ/s939/bound-box-line.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="673" data-original-width="939" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidDQ8HNu6GCUm3AHw7Vez9f2_BtwIPWjPL93rW9ggJO_8LGFJKWq8PPKcE3MdBwi7gx2PfDXxsZ8xuCTXNswRxINapnMvodm7WvIhppTBWxuRGwidh-uhxZKS35FaTvQU9XQLiayJfjoRYDLF9JaFVZMST_7XuR0KJyinLQFFLVQzG5kEzMydt37T6QQ/w400-h286/bound-box-line.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A basic line, within each area's bounding box</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div>Then I thought about applying a random degree of rotation to each line, just for the sake of it, and that's what you see below. This is probably not that useful unless you want to make a map that looks like a pile of sticks but all the same it's interesting to see that it's possible and perhaps I'll find a use for it one day. </div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGxHbiQHLbtFT6rdBV1JySaEwpZ3N66C1XdhLn5XiCmKVhrqZv4AfGOwZ3gv_CUH-UE21A9UJCpEq-Q1FmwG1G1TbmvsYJMbj0wjTGMhIc1or4t-kosX_Inv2kxOWo4d9-v9uYr2PQFvK5X-ELhN69yYU_dc0WWkElPmVrCbJckvbHoUZYYhYjHIKbYg/s939/bound-box-sticks-random.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="673" data-original-width="939" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGxHbiQHLbtFT6rdBV1JySaEwpZ3N66C1XdhLn5XiCmKVhrqZv4AfGOwZ3gv_CUH-UE21A9UJCpEq-Q1FmwG1G1TbmvsYJMbj0wjTGMhIc1or4t-kosX_Inv2kxOWo4d9-v9uYr2PQFvK5X-ELhN69yYU_dc0WWkElPmVrCbJckvbHoUZYYhYjHIKbYg/w400-h286/bound-box-sticks-random.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Big pile of red sticks drifting into space</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div>So then I went back to no rotation and thought about buffering the lines, but using a tapered buffer so that one end was thick and the other wasn't. I applied this to each area and also used a gradient fill so that the colour faded along each shape. The result of this is shown below. This one was also done on local authority boundaries rather than constituencies because I was playing around with both at the time - but then I wondered about applying it to a political map and doing something more interesting, so the cometmap came to life. </div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI2bUQba2dBL107cNrsIWj0NKZabBUEKbulxTjYNwbwyXSuvD8NAJO2g6Cye4ma-lDCYkQqeB9BQJKGdMjFHi8aitgKEQ2LEFb8It7Lp1JC62l0EC4KFaaWJVZXhP7SHfQ2K238IRIf7dDUT6PtUX8Et3ZSP4_rQwCkaK7wNSY4Ilhjtg8wOwKUmD0jw/s939/tapered-buffer.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="673" data-original-width="939" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI2bUQba2dBL107cNrsIWj0NKZabBUEKbulxTjYNwbwyXSuvD8NAJO2g6Cye4ma-lDCYkQqeB9BQJKGdMjFHi8aitgKEQ2LEFb8It7Lp1JC62l0EC4KFaaWJVZXhP7SHfQ2K238IRIf7dDUT6PtUX8Et3ZSP4_rQwCkaK7wNSY4Ilhjtg8wOwKUmD0jw/w400-h286/tapered-buffer.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A cometmap emerges from the darkness</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><div>The result was that I decided to use geometry generator in QGIS to do the following, based on the <a href="https://automaticknowledge.co.uk/resources/" target="_blank">results</a> of the 2019 UK General Election - and my goal here was to use the comet trail as the main device in the map to show who came second and how far behind they trailed. I realise some people look at the maps and perhaps see the opposite but for a little map experiment I thought it was a) interesting and b) potentially useful (probably with some further development).</div><div><br /></div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Use a circle in the centroid of each constituency, using party colour to indicate who won that seat.</li><li>Use a tapered buffer behind each coloured circle, with the colour of the party who came second.</li><li>The length of the comet trail is dictated by the winning margin - so if a party is WAAAAAY behind the winner then it gets a longer trail. So this map draws attention more (deliberately) to the second placed party. But of course any of this can be edited.</li><li>The size of the circles and buffer is a few thousand metres but of course that can be adjusted too. See the results below.</li></ul><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqmMqBIuLRltUoEow5r9Lu0jTUrhweTV0S5iQF7ym-KSZri0jJm5OSFAv3EkZ-r17kVsiEautxxRxNiy9N4JygWopS-6QuAjmPs8DX4di0b2A1d4FAhYa5vOrNzX4l0g90UFoDeII9YOp1yl_2O0St6pxyzLlPbulgykS5i2vCNXSCm15zDPWBwUCbVw/s3543/ne-cumb-1.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3543" data-original-width="3543" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqmMqBIuLRltUoEow5r9Lu0jTUrhweTV0S5iQF7ym-KSZri0jJm5OSFAv3EkZ-r17kVsiEautxxRxNiy9N4JygWopS-6QuAjmPs8DX4di0b2A1d4FAhYa5vOrNzX4l0g90UFoDeII9YOp1yl_2O0St6pxyzLlPbulgykS5i2vCNXSCm15zDPWBwUCbVw/w400-h400/ne-cumb-1.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dot with no trail? Means it's very close</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidGCLEsGE86BJ3x7bdjb50zkhPeF0RRizydKQO6EUjewXF4rqQ68mjovgqHs3xIR0pL9BH5VJwy4iOc5wvAV2-JYTVklkIdt5137mhLEHcpyEwwxyNKolf96Ihcxoc5h9G7ytgRRyig9NHa0cvvjrTh_6qQ6PVk5cEwDAo52bAFK1HkAFSEA-KVBexkg/s3543/ni-wa-sc-eng-1.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3543" data-original-width="3543" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidGCLEsGE86BJ3x7bdjb50zkhPeF0RRizydKQO6EUjewXF4rqQ68mjovgqHs3xIR0pL9BH5VJwy4iOc5wvAV2-JYTVklkIdt5137mhLEHcpyEwwxyNKolf96Ihcxoc5h9G7ytgRRyig9NHa0cvvjrTh_6qQ6PVk5cEwDAo52bAFK1HkAFSEA-KVBexkg/w400-h400/ni-wa-sc-eng-1.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Loooong blue trails? Conservatives waaaay behind</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJXvuVPObQeNMlT0xEezREIvVzy71uKsz7IZKlt8uw-5eb41TcUqnbZ1YAUWZLz3wWW88I1KeB0poTRAybTno58w4fr_71S8pgNL80ikDkf3ZRMV8UHDaFuNdY3jiLqN5NwcW7jGsamcHYwQ0lMJwW1UxvBMISsfO7vMx2QdokBXTE8vd_HkruyZ916g/s3543/scotland-with-background-1.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3543" data-original-width="3543" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJXvuVPObQeNMlT0xEezREIvVzy71uKsz7IZKlt8uw-5eb41TcUqnbZ1YAUWZLz3wWW88I1KeB0poTRAybTno58w4fr_71S8pgNL80ikDkf3ZRMV8UHDaFuNdY3jiLqN5NwcW7jGsamcHYwQ0lMJwW1UxvBMISsfO7vMx2QdokBXTE8vd_HkruyZ916g/w400-h400/scotland-with-background-1.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mostly short trails = mostly quite close results</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixrDfKRs9VITvy7hDwWGRLudfFt7aLQpnBuUQ0ay-NDi_TWN-6XLR7CmaHuAq6pEyyfH2Ihj9wMe6l6nAKTZefifEA69iZUWUFeJv1XxYxmFRgG3pz2QrPnzLYnlXxnat0L-pKBtB8RSAAWikegN2LHy4oV5lYMpZFmY7FCVMVwIk8BEDr9ZwKR5mwaQ/s3543/wales-sw-eng-1.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3543" data-original-width="3543" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixrDfKRs9VITvy7hDwWGRLudfFt7aLQpnBuUQ0ay-NDi_TWN-6XLR7CmaHuAq6pEyyfH2Ihj9wMe6l6nAKTZefifEA69iZUWUFeJv1XxYxmFRgG3pz2QrPnzLYnlXxnat0L-pKBtB8RSAAWikegN2LHy4oV5lYMpZFmY7FCVMVwIk8BEDr9ZwKR5mwaQ/w400-h400/wales-sw-eng-1.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">THE LIBERAL DEMOCRATS ARE COMING!!!!</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div>Okay, so that's about it. </div><div><br /></div><div>Read on if you're a map nerd and you want to replicate the style yourself.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: left;">How to replicate this style in QGIS</h3><div><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>First of all, you'll need to grab the UK General Election 2019 <a href="https://automaticknowledge.co.uk/resources/" target="_blank">results file</a> from my Automatic Knowledge resources page. Use the GeoPackage because it's easiest.</li><li>Add the file to QGIS. </li><li><b>Optional step. </b>For exact duplication of my maps, make the QGIS background very dark grey (e.g. #111111) and make duplicate the UK general election layer and make it dark grey, both fill and stroke colour (e.g. #333333) so that when you make the comets they look brighter and have a dark backdrop and you can also get your bearings from the plain dark backdrop. </li><li>Download the <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1vQpQo4rs40qvhsjAKwlih00R_v6c_JAp/view" target="_blank">cometmap layer style file</a> to your computer. This is just a standard QML file and you'll apply it in the next step.</li><li>Go the Layer Properties for the layer you want to apply the cometmap style to and then via the Style button at the bottom of the Layer Properties window, and then it's Load Style... browse to the <i>cometmap-ukge-2019-example.qml</i> file on your computer, then it's Open, Load Style and OK - and that should be it!</li><li>Once you've done this you can inspect the properties of the style yourself and edit them if you want to - see screenshot below.</li></ol><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiF5DV-2MSpZ1U1XAl27ZiQOW7ehfmgYnNbmqwh8sx4Qv4U_eb9dpAR0tCii48K_Mjyfg1byidLx-6GtRI2IaMVh1cgz9VL-vVibmEIZc6q75GSv8VQQeQNEs-awrTJB3pDRzv5LO8YuFQUGRBhFg5ZpkdWcW92e5MCRQLqAbLjokb_H_bRxJPOziVfQ/s1357/trail-style.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="946" data-original-width="1357" height="279" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiF5DV-2MSpZ1U1XAl27ZiQOW7ehfmgYnNbmqwh8sx4Qv4U_eb9dpAR0tCii48K_Mjyfg1byidLx-6GtRI2IaMVh1cgz9VL-vVibmEIZc6q75GSv8VQQeQNEs-awrTJB3pDRzv5LO8YuFQUGRBhFg5ZpkdWcW92e5MCRQLqAbLjokb_H_bRxJPOziVfQ/w400-h279/trail-style.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">How the trail is generated - rotation set to zero right now</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div></div><div>Note that I am using a geometry generator twice in the screenshot above - once to create the circle and once again to create the trail. You'll see that the colours are set using an expression - if you click Simple Fill you can see this when you click the little Expression button (see below). Note that this is done both for the trail and the circle.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSuec82UIBT_jOnXlluKiMd15DYIO4q7S7uTYmJdHF3ApAJkQTe3EiZCwwZ5Tv-WZ4DurzghikyznqyDWiu1eyWD8SJZZpigP9T5gonQSG9vOrxsknAYY0OyekyMYKiY-0gx4fW_Iy6pfgmCm0IO4YsmP5XfIp8dZdxprj46VL_gaK7IFqgMRl0lKEvw/s1369/colour.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="961" data-original-width="1369" height="281" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSuec82UIBT_jOnXlluKiMd15DYIO4q7S7uTYmJdHF3ApAJkQTe3EiZCwwZ5Tv-WZ4DurzghikyznqyDWiu1eyWD8SJZZpigP9T5gonQSG9vOrxsknAYY0OyekyMYKiY-0gx4fW_Iy6pfgmCm0IO4YsmP5XfIp8dZdxprj46VL_gaK7IFqgMRl0lKEvw/w400-h281/colour.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The '97' in the html colour values sets the opacity</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><div>Could you apply this to, say, a county-level US election map? Yes, but I think it would probably require a good bit more thought otherwise you'd end up with a really wild map. But here are a few examples.</div><div><br /></div><div>File these under 'hmm' for now.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQInlIUhdrP_CSzEJyjcDabKlP-jxApaJHspTMDm2C_PhV3knGofHDQZMt3xf7lB2-tIGkDL6IJe9y_vCedlOY1LcGT8pRwD3ZOEIzJcR1AgB_UA7ydpAhSOJkcWy1IRhxA1avbX5kpnC1KzwxGMLRbxJkVpzwIpoZXAFSelq2my6sSPqnb2nwt8ONOQ/s1561/us1.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="673" data-original-width="1561" height="173" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQInlIUhdrP_CSzEJyjcDabKlP-jxApaJHspTMDm2C_PhV3knGofHDQZMt3xf7lB2-tIGkDL6IJe9y_vCedlOY1LcGT8pRwD3ZOEIzJcR1AgB_UA7ydpAhSOJkcWy1IRhxA1avbX5kpnC1KzwxGMLRbxJkVpzwIpoZXAFSelq2my6sSPqnb2nwt8ONOQ/w400-h173/us1.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Done very quickly, just to test the method</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirko5dxsltsMD_DVFugpD8MDikiDYLyYxByCbkXCoEL64xjB3XrqU6MAZnvcxNjFruAscP82UpxMO9hG5RpBlaSaMdgvF0uzxIMLFEtZAX-I5UaeXyvPD0zF70sa633-Kolqu2DFaOxXB3LDsbqtierQIy3ioIYL_JG0zY5mezSZ4sHiUIAGDDwakv7g/s1561/us2.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="673" data-original-width="1561" height="173" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirko5dxsltsMD_DVFugpD8MDikiDYLyYxByCbkXCoEL64xjB3XrqU6MAZnvcxNjFruAscP82UpxMO9hG5RpBlaSaMdgvF0uzxIMLFEtZAX-I5UaeXyvPD0zF70sa633-Kolqu2DFaOxXB3LDsbqtierQIy3ioIYL_JG0zY5mezSZ4sHiUIAGDDwakv7g/w400-h173/us2.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">You can see where this needs work - but it could work</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxmyXy8YDFmLDa_Epplto26ytC8fNdeb9yjGMff0OkIRP7cy8I3eoKHW9UVINRyEyYRQ0wt2izKxwmlHopnMAIFWmKxxCPg4vW-LN-5dNTZk9mCabCdu3tmI8Sc-VYCF6afeX6ZtApW_dBaSyfAxkbBHPuSlfFckk1yINic7354bzN1GX1D3moaWE9ZA/s1561/us3.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="673" data-original-width="1561" height="173" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxmyXy8YDFmLDa_Epplto26ytC8fNdeb9yjGMff0OkIRP7cy8I3eoKHW9UVINRyEyYRQ0wt2izKxwmlHopnMAIFWmKxxCPg4vW-LN-5dNTZk9mCabCdu3tmI8Sc-VYCF6afeX6ZtApW_dBaSyfAxkbBHPuSlfFckk1yINic7354bzN1GX1D3moaWE9ZA/w400-h173/us3.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Just a few tweaks needed here!</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrIMSiBnMCEu_MR3oM4SEg6nWIIxJnVF4H-ol1ngX2M7hRycW5e5xdhWZmsmxA9Qlh5cvvsnnFrzoW6ZjTAXTZzIwyAoDXOhRjUNbaZ80l7jIkFvdcoP4LtK-YERCYix8fskoPBxjF8FjLfD9ReNrgY-eZdi5iZMgPJkvcI60tBh24gYrUeCSepdGUMQ/s1561/us4.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="673" data-original-width="1561" height="173" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrIMSiBnMCEu_MR3oM4SEg6nWIIxJnVF4H-ol1ngX2M7hRycW5e5xdhWZmsmxA9Qlh5cvvsnnFrzoW6ZjTAXTZzIwyAoDXOhRjUNbaZ80l7jIkFvdcoP4LtK-YERCYix8fskoPBxjF8FjLfD9ReNrgY-eZdi5iZMgPJkvcI60tBh24gYrUeCSepdGUMQ/w400-h173/us4.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">That'll do it for now</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><h3 style="text-align: left;">Needlemaps - the next frontier</h3><div>I had a bit more of a think about it all and for the US I wanted to see if I could create a kind of needle or dial that showed which way a county leaned. using the <a href="https://automaticknowledge.org/training/bonusdata/us-election-2020-lower-48.gpkg" target="_blank">2020 US election results file</a>. Well, turns out that this works reasonably well. Not perfect but it's a good start. See below for the results and then if you want to replicate it yourself and then play with my settings, download the <a href="https://automaticknowledge.org/training/bonusdata/us-election-county-needlemap-style.qml" target="_blank">qml needlemap style file</a> for QGIS and then apply it to the election results file and have lots of fun.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsWV8vPocCY3BcPfi3dk9eKFyM816V-zaDwfFlUUxVSYkKrQMbP8RwvbdaNVW_LohzcPqA3cdf-UZlyDL4yKmunrCBqgYDSSwORUIUnZ465RpZjzMBIwoO4CkOMM23BVEbsFUY1aQv09VOi8QQlT8ZyDaZUdmpW_pPBbwS-vrfjBcgBjHaahljDiNplw/s3107/needlemap-us-6.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2212" data-original-width="3107" height="285" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsWV8vPocCY3BcPfi3dk9eKFyM816V-zaDwfFlUUxVSYkKrQMbP8RwvbdaNVW_LohzcPqA3cdf-UZlyDL4yKmunrCBqgYDSSwORUIUnZ465RpZjzMBIwoO4CkOMM23BVEbsFUY1aQv09VOi8QQlT8ZyDaZUdmpW_pPBbwS-vrfjBcgBjHaahljDiNplw/w400-h285/needlemap-us-6.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lots of ways this could be edited/improved</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-NkLoi5BeephfjkwGtX4diBwEvpYrk_H3DAuAaKVtOCo5yi-K4vTkk-PyK0ArEk4IC1Tm_mnd-0P_qunvzQ0047VQVhjHcD234jQuhkyNjmTf2z1NMkTyUMkEY_8cNpPf7IZvJYomZkPfuLGYPeOfRfsvDkiXeSacde9OI-VHTKAuuR5rDR_cpKWfoA/s3903/needlemap-labels-1.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1683" data-original-width="3903" height="173" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-NkLoi5BeephfjkwGtX4diBwEvpYrk_H3DAuAaKVtOCo5yi-K4vTkk-PyK0ArEk4IC1Tm_mnd-0P_qunvzQ0047VQVhjHcD234jQuhkyNjmTf2z1NMkTyUMkEY_8cNpPf7IZvJYomZkPfuLGYPeOfRfsvDkiXeSacde9OI-VHTKAuuR5rDR_cpKWfoA/w400-h173/needlemap-labels-1.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Yeah, not surprising</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhizAIf0EWUu_g2gUZnHU4a6ZROL4IbRhWAfGKfjO_2BvcCdzO7OU6oTlGu3fUBXrHSg6uF35Tr3OSwVoRrk58_bw1ms0rSHu8r5kQPp1ETU6aaVQyjMR9DhonP3oNIxoQ7cW2Vf9tfYPoHxgz8nBcfyz5MrA8oqKGsL-MQZqiYNVWciP3LIc7kz0ct4A/s3903/needlemap-labels-2.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1683" data-original-width="3903" height="173" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhizAIf0EWUu_g2gUZnHU4a6ZROL4IbRhWAfGKfjO_2BvcCdzO7OU6oTlGu3fUBXrHSg6uF35Tr3OSwVoRrk58_bw1ms0rSHu8r5kQPp1ETU6aaVQyjMR9DhonP3oNIxoQ7cW2Vf9tfYPoHxgz8nBcfyz5MrA8oqKGsL-MQZqiYNVWciP3LIc7kz0ct4A/w400-h173/needlemap-labels-2.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Big 'lean left' energy going on here</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtrNvm-RWQ1GTYbAp0ZCWt6J8wAgLKpqvnKzw83dbOpadoVuKbbzGiSuOPG47PEONAJ_NBqgGBt38i4FG385fr4WbwIQ4WX0x8uvAG98BL45tvmwlnghESzDPvUY-tICte0XXoERQ8QV6PFs3q7knzqmkRn2UnUMrgoV3IOg64ubiplZB5NpftP9zp6Q/s3903/needlemap-labels-3.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1683" data-original-width="3903" height="173" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtrNvm-RWQ1GTYbAp0ZCWt6J8wAgLKpqvnKzw83dbOpadoVuKbbzGiSuOPG47PEONAJ_NBqgGBt38i4FG385fr4WbwIQ4WX0x8uvAG98BL45tvmwlnghESzDPvUY-tICte0XXoERQ8QV6PFs3q7knzqmkRn2UnUMrgoV3IOg64ubiplZB5NpftP9zp6Q/w400-h173/needlemap-labels-3.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Actually quite interesting here I think</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgkYKzT91vubUMJAgKpw235lIewTgRcUYUMEalvyZ7F7QU1nq8dMtgfzjpuAc7KGhK87Rb1V-HJyhDdZbOcNrlpy6XS5ep9Kre4UI-lq_5smnKaipH1LCvnZ81ll0Yl68h0rWHPXt-GAEIEzb1mvTRQs2L_0AvwjkkC856j9jDkO5bVSbDq15P9fqmHw/s3903/needlemap-labels-4.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1683" data-original-width="3903" height="173" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgkYKzT91vubUMJAgKpw235lIewTgRcUYUMEalvyZ7F7QU1nq8dMtgfzjpuAc7KGhK87Rb1V-HJyhDdZbOcNrlpy6XS5ep9Kre4UI-lq_5smnKaipH1LCvnZ81ll0Yl68h0rWHPXt-GAEIEzb1mvTRQs2L_0AvwjkkC856j9jDkO5bVSbDq15P9fqmHw/w400-h173/needlemap-labels-4.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lots of interesting stuff here, for sure</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><div>Note that in the needlemap style above, size = scaled to population, roughly, but of course I had to make some a minimum size otherwise they would be invisible, so I also added opacity by population to make them super-faint if they are tiny. Colour = blue for lean Dem, red for lean GOP. Lean angle is set from the Dem/GOP ratio from 2020.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://twitter.com/ThomasG77" target="_blank">Thomas Gratier</a> on Twitter suggested we could call these pinball maps, and that's also a good fit as the needles look very much like <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pinball_Flippers_-_Demolition_Man.JPG" target="_blank">flippers</a> on a pinball machine.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>Alasdair Raehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12959449302596057979noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6894643731791231365.post-19020184264874663682022-10-02T02:55:00.001-07:002022-10-03T14:17:39.674-07:00Which GIS software is best?<p>Let's begin with a story, from some time around the early 1990s in the north of Scotland. I used to go to a church in Inverness with my Mum when I was growing up and although I've forgotten lots of things, one of the things I do remember is the minister asking this question at the start of a sermon:</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b>"What's the shortest way to London?"</b></li></ul><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPURaZHUxWC76_2FtCyfNfdmvckmf4RqwxG4vlqO7uaRrLRYGL9hMlx5u0eJCrO-qg5jMfky3G8wwiG94KGlABx_WNj-VnzmYjWc2hBOElYHySyYzbVGcjDZatILNdDz6IdZWYWLQX6QOLZ2W_s3rvFs5pMP9VAYil5Wa0_Xe-jBpXcZdxf6leCtQUCA/s929/inverness-to-london.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="814" data-original-width="929" height="350" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPURaZHUxWC76_2FtCyfNfdmvckmf4RqwxG4vlqO7uaRrLRYGL9hMlx5u0eJCrO-qg5jMfky3G8wwiG94KGlABx_WNj-VnzmYjWc2hBOElYHySyYzbVGcjDZatILNdDz6IdZWYWLQX6QOLZ2W_s3rvFs5pMP9VAYil5Wa0_Xe-jBpXcZdxf6leCtQUCA/w400-h350/inverness-to-london.PNG" title="Inverness to London" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p>He didn't say from where, but of course most people thought of the question in relation to where they were at the time. I can't remember exactly what the rest of the sermon was about, but since we were in Inverness, I was thinking maybe either the shortest route to London was the direct train from Inverness to Kings Cross, or maybe the Sleeper from Inverness to Euston or perhaps a flight from Inverness Airport to London Heathrow or Gatwick. </p><p>The answer, of course, was that the shortest way to London was 'good company'. Cliché 101, but of course it's true. Oh, by the way, if you type 'shortest way to [city of your choice]' into Google then you should see a result straight away with a map preview on the results page - like in the example below that appeared when I typed 'shortest way to Amsterdam' into Google just now.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAjgYynTpuj8ufSazZtapal0oDG-L2gXe2H8XlsJBQkhsL85qTmOircTT03J2JONXsQEnyd2B1cK4Ol_cA5xPvxTuVDxLn1gSg3JzqBHr9bj6IA1-yoEVD_41qTA11JWWZayvTlI9AvXZSOXBbOPbB-6ZZG_Roy7uunPpi8fFpEmzULudT37LgDyCRgw/s899/shortest-way-to-amserterdam.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="559" data-original-width="899" height="249" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAjgYynTpuj8ufSazZtapal0oDG-L2gXe2H8XlsJBQkhsL85qTmOircTT03J2JONXsQEnyd2B1cK4Ol_cA5xPvxTuVDxLn1gSg3JzqBHr9bj6IA1-yoEVD_41qTA11JWWZayvTlI9AvXZSOXBbOPbB-6ZZG_Roy7uunPpi8fFpEmzULudT37LgDyCRgw/w400-h249/shortest-way-to-amserterdam.PNG" title="Sheffield to Amsterdam" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p>What have we learned so far? That<b> a) </b>Inverness to London is longer than Sheffield to Amsterdam; <b>b) </b>there's always more than one way to get from A to B; and <b>c) </b>sometimes the answer to a question is more abstract than you'd think. But also <b>d) </b>people often remember weird stuff.</p><p>If someone asked the <b>"What's the shortest way to London?"</b> question online, today, I imagine the answers would look something like this:</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>"Which London? London, England? London, Ontario? London, Kiribati? You need to be clearer and not make assumptions!"</li><li>"Where from? What's your starting point? Please clarify!!!"</li><li>"Why don't you go to Norwich instead of London?"</li><li>"The UK is finished, don't bother with London."</li><li>"Why are you so London-centric? Not EVERYTHING'S about London you know."</li><li>"Actually London is bad."</li><li>"You're taking the train? Communist!"</li><li>"Why are you not already IN London?"</li></ul><div><br /></div><div>[TENUOUS SEGUE JUST LIKE IN THAT SERMON WHERE I FORGOT EVERYTHING APART FROM THE 'SHORTEST WAY TO LONDON' BIT]</div><div><br /></div><div>Okay, but this piece has a click-bait title so let's get straight to the point. Actually, let's not. Let's talk about things a bit more first, starting with geospatial file formats because we can't do much in GIS without data (apart from argue about file formats). But yeah, the best GIS software is the one that you enjoy being with, probably.</div><div><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: left;">My favourite geospatial file format</h3><div>The disgraceful truth is that I have quite weak opinions about geospatial file formats, and I don't really dislike any of them. In fact, I'd say I'm still friends with them all. From an abstract point of view, my favourite file format is the one that makes it easiest to get stuff done. Right now, and for the past few years, <u>my favourite file format is definitely the geopackage</u> and it will likely remain this way for a long time. This is because it's a single file, it can be 1KB or 10GB and it just doesn't complain. And also because it just works for me, with no fuss, particularly <a href="https://automaticknowledge.co.uk/resources/" target="_blank">when I want to share GIS data on the web</a>, as I often do.</div><div><br /></div><div>All this sounds a bit like a dig at our old and trusted friend, the Shapefile. But it's not really. In fact, I really do agree with the view of the geopackage and Shapefile that I read on the <a href="https://www.esri.com/arcgis-blog/products/product/data-management/how-to-use-ogc-geopackages-in-arcgis-pro/" target="_blank">ESRI® blog</a> a while back. This bit of text in particular is about right - the shapefile 'has been spectacularly successful'.</div><div><br /></div><div><blockquote><blockquote>"The GIS format most often compared with GeoPackage is the ESRI-defined shapefile. Shapefile is the most shared GIS format on the planet and its encoding of vector features is published. Note however the publication date — 1998. At the time the shapefile was designed, the components available had limitations that can frustrate today’s advanced workflows. These include file size limit, attribute field count and name width limits, dates not supporting time, complexity in handling character encodings and lack of null value support for most field types. Shapefile has been spectacularly successful for handling simple vector features, but it can be limiting."</blockquote></blockquote></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpGTVizGSVXmnu2yr4khac1m-6pHQmaiFKZcfHdAKZ-VEDRUI3rp3DgwbqNXM4gDg7JSVQYCXhGy6N5xaOkitbd7Cek9OAd-QX7m8U9ybq0SaRSV3ZMiOX9tpIfoqx76_47HQaTeX0mXIPiKq3iOM4x71ouQ2JfilmAcMXeiG1w3KPfn4h3TWpkeNCow/s1079/esri-geopackage.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="641" data-original-width="1079" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpGTVizGSVXmnu2yr4khac1m-6pHQmaiFKZcfHdAKZ-VEDRUI3rp3DgwbqNXM4gDg7JSVQYCXhGy6N5xaOkitbd7Cek9OAd-QX7m8U9ybq0SaRSV3ZMiOX9tpIfoqx76_47HQaTeX0mXIPiKq3iOM4x71ouQ2JfilmAcMXeiG1w3KPfn4h3TWpkeNCow/w400-h238/esri-geopackage.PNG" title="Sensible words" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div>But really, I don't use files above 2GB <i>every </i>day, though I do it enough that the geopackage format means I don't have to think about it when I do. So, geopackage? Great. Shapefile? Fine. KML, fine? Let's do a bit of a summary if we're sticking to this 'good company' / 'fastest way to London' thing. This is a bit of a brain dump, and I haven't even been drinking (surprisingly), so please bear with me.</div><div><br /></div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b>GeoPackage </b>- reliable new friend. Unlikely to throw a wobbly, even when you're having a meltdown. You've not known them for that long but they've very quickly worked their way up through the roster and are now the go-to for all your mapping needs. Sharp dresser. Good company. Anagram of go page cake.</li><li><b><a href="https://www.esri.com/content/dam/esrisites/sitecore-archive/Files/Pdfs/library/whitepapers/pdfs/shapefile.pdf" target="_blank">Shapefile</a> </b>- reliable old friend that doesn't like own company so always brings their friends along for the ride, and sometimes their cousins too. But you don't mind this because they're pretty easy going, very loyal, and you know that they won't <a href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/throw-a-wobbly" target="_blank">throw a wobbly</a> either. You've heard mean people say bad things about them, and you leap to their defence, but silently and internally because you know in your heart that arguing about geospatial file formats on the internet is a bad idea. First entrant to the GIS File Format Hall of Fame. Certified Legends. The Golden Girls of geospatial (Getty as prj?).</li><li><b>Geojson </b>- you've not known them that long but they seem okay, even pretty cool. They're always online and are pretty logical. Some of the bigger geojsons move a bit slowly offline, but online they are usually fine. Addicted to the internet though, so don't expect a close relationship.</li><li><b>KML </b>- our old Google Maps friend. A friend that lots your our non-geo friends like too, and may even know well. Hard not to like, if you're most people. You're never more than 6 degrees from a kml. The Kevin Bacon of geospatial file formats. Is first cousin of someone known as G (ML), who you also know, a little bit.</li><li><b>NetCDF</b> - a friend that <i>you </i>like but can't understand why your other friends don't seem to like them. Unfairly maligned, though you sometimes wonder if you weren't <i>already </i>friends with them if you'd actually like them if you met them again for the first time. A rumour, almost certainly true, is that netCDF was specifically designed to create geospatial beefs online. But you don't care because they are your pal even if, sometimes, they do weird things.</li><li><b>GPX </b>- your friend that likes to exercise, post about it online and likes to upload their activity data to social media. But that's fine. It makes them happy and it does no harm. You're not best friends but you know where to find each other if you need to. Wears lots of tight clothes.</li><li><b>GeoTIFF </b>- loves detail. Loyal. Doesn't like to leave any gaps in a conversation. But they are pretty solid and they don't let you down, unless you forget to invite their friends (Lempel, Ziv and Welch) to the party too. Make that mistake and you can expect a bit of trouble from time to time.</li><li><b>FlatGeobuf </b>- new friend who you haven't actually spent much time with yet but who you've heard only good things about, from people you trust. It's just that you've got so many other friends and not much free time for another relationship. Has purple hair. You wish you could be this cool, but don't want to admit it. Rides a fixie.</li><li><b>MapInfo TAB</b> - ah, such happy memories! They live overseas now and you never see them but you remember the good times. A real powerhouse, but kind of retired now, we think. The Stone Cold Steve Austin of geospatial file formats.</li><li><b>All other geospatial file formats</b> - no longer want to be my friend because <b>a)</b> they are not in the list above and <b>b)</b> they have been lumped together here under a single heading alongside CLEARLY INFERIOR formats. SQLite is thinking of taking legal action because of this blog. MIF is super miffed. DXF is thinking about bespoke wooden furniture and didn't want to be on this list anyway and resents any suggestion of equivalence.</li></ul></div><div><br /></div><div>Here's an extract from one of my QGIS training workbooks where I talk about this kind of thing in a more sensible manner, followed by two maps which demonstrate that for most of my use cases the file format thing doesn't matter. </div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9HM43hd2B-rCxq7SMWshxULsrGrrGM9qDUnX_Wird4_U0sCRUE6vjNP1iidpFE325ULXZGpGGjKlHC6SfB9_hok-3bZrK7iulQVGDKgeG_RgvS2IMNVTxiptFyrCXcF5zo3o22f6ZWp1GGrdgy1vDsMAe1k1qUj7jYyN0Gj6cc65PNd8BMFgcb_4Mfg/s937/shp-vs-gpkg.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="749" data-original-width="937" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9HM43hd2B-rCxq7SMWshxULsrGrrGM9qDUnX_Wird4_U0sCRUE6vjNP1iidpFE325ULXZGpGGjKlHC6SfB9_hok-3bZrK7iulQVGDKgeG_RgvS2IMNVTxiptFyrCXcF5zo3o22f6ZWp1GGrdgy1vDsMAe1k1qUj7jYyN0Gj6cc65PNd8BMFgcb_4Mfg/w400-h320/shp-vs-gpkg.PNG" title="Yes, I'm really writing about this" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>If I don't care too much about file formats then what on earth am I doing writing all this? Well, it's something I deal with pretty much every day and in the course of doing so I see lots of talk about it but in reality I don't find it makes too much difference to me, that's why I tell people who are just learning to use GIS software not to worry too much about it, particularly because QGIS can handle them all very easily. But, having said that, it can all be wildly confusing to people who are new to geospatial and I know this because I do lots of GIS training for people who are very clever and tech-savvy already but who are sometimes baffled by the weird world of geospatial file formats. </div><div><br /></div><div><b>Oh, a tip. </b>If you ever get an error in QGIS while exporting to geopackage - as in when it tries to export but just gives you some kind of error message, try <a href="https://gis.stackexchange.com/questions/400740/unique-constraint-failed-error-when-saving-geopackage-in-qgis" target="_blank">unticking the FID field box on export</a>, so that you're not including that field in the export. This often solves it.</div><div><br /></div><div>So long as you know that QGIS can export to any geospatial file format anyone would ever need, my view is that a) you don't need to worry about it and b) you should default to geopackage unless you have a really good reason not to (e.g. your org is still a shapefile outfit and not everyone can load geopackages into their software).</div><div><br /></div><p></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">So which GIS software is best?</h3><div><b>For me, the easy answer is QGIS. </b>It's 20 years old this year and I've been using it for about 9 years.<b> </b>For many others this is also the easy answer. For other people, this is the wrong answer - and that is totally okay. Now that I'm no longer in the higher education world, where I didn't have to think about licences and costs, I don't use ESRI® software any more, but for years I used ArcView and ArcMap and thought they were great, mostly. I even have a soft spot for things like Error 999999 and segmentation violations. </div><div><br /></div><div>I probably have more of a soft-spot for ArcView 3.2 than anything else, but then again I'm still quite attached to ArcGIS 10, even if I no longer have it on any of my computers. I never did become friends with ArcGIS Pro but that's fine. I'm probably just not much of a ribbon GIS guy. Same goes for MapInfo - it was the first GIS I ever used, more than 20 years ago, and I really loved getting into it. Good times. I also have a copy of Manifold on my computer, and have done a bit of PostGIS in my time too. </div><div><br /></div><div>Is there a definitive answer for everyone on this question, on which GIS software is best? No, I don't think so. The answer is very much like the 'what's the shortest way to London?' question. It depends upon what company you like, where you're starting from and where you want to go. Although I would say that if you're on a Mac or Linux machine then QGIS is almost certainly what you should use for GIS software if you want to be productive. Is this 'there is no single answer' answer a cop out? I don't think so. The best GIS software is the one that meets your needs most closely, even if it's not actually GIS software.</div><div><br /></div><div>If you're working in a big org with a long history of using ESRI software (and doing great things with it) then someone saying 'just use QGIS' probably isn't the advice you're looking for - and that's totally logical. But at the same time, QGIS is now mature, robust, powerful software to rival any modern desktop GIS and this was not always the case. </div><div><br /></div><div>But if I was advising someone who had <i>never </i>used GIS before on which software they should use, I'd 100% for sure say QGIS - I may not have said this ten years ago but in 2022 it's my firm number one and if we look at some basic Google Trends data I think we can see a bit of this in the global data too - although the United States may be a bit different on that front. Again, that's fine, but I do think the landscape is shifting. </div><div><br /></div><div>You can see this a bit in the Google Trends charts below - first one is Worldwide data and second one is just the United States. Is Trends data any good? Well, I've been working with the Google data team for <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34172723" target="_blank">years</a> on search data as a proxy for interest - <a href="https://www.axios.com/2022/05/31/2022-midterms-election-issues-americans-google" target="_blank">mainly for elections</a> - and my view is that it's certainly useful for getting a grip on what people search for and what matters most, even if it isn't perfect.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQs4S1HXarg0lvKcLu_dCnu9hOOHVavqSvYfKdxZvJNiF2eFRwkyozuHRAByn5KhzNe0QUNRLNXNLszfO45EJwc2Spdcz_941czznl_FVUX6wIwkjRQ8nEEXzyObbTWqpd3P0ZrBDW4OIyFDAobnXt7IZJdQXEvPspVCBEwNpkouHpeIKJMTWTMmrssQ/s1292/geospatial-search-1.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="789" data-original-width="1292" height="244" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQs4S1HXarg0lvKcLu_dCnu9hOOHVavqSvYfKdxZvJNiF2eFRwkyozuHRAByn5KhzNe0QUNRLNXNLszfO45EJwc2Spdcz_941czznl_FVUX6wIwkjRQ8nEEXzyObbTWqpd3P0ZrBDW4OIyFDAobnXt7IZJdQXEvPspVCBEwNpkouHpeIKJMTWTMmrssQ/w400-h244/geospatial-search-1.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Worldwide GIS software search trends</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /><br /><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgb4VUTqk14EGyuxJ9aBjx1s8YCH3VTC8UZjZey0yxkmKOCjAXZxqM7zM0Ocsl0oaa6GIzHFHRDNXyrjWE7IBL7UALOWcBmcF3KWfEt4lKKcEQpp8iLLWhUyn8a_nYTEu0-JAWVzvbCsa5GltKygAQgmponPNLZL8QPmA6XTTPp_9aXdOrRFJIWtUfdpw/s1289/geospatial-search-2.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="806" data-original-width="1289" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgb4VUTqk14EGyuxJ9aBjx1s8YCH3VTC8UZjZey0yxkmKOCjAXZxqM7zM0Ocsl0oaa6GIzHFHRDNXyrjWE7IBL7UALOWcBmcF3KWfEt4lKKcEQpp8iLLWhUyn8a_nYTEu0-JAWVzvbCsa5GltKygAQgmponPNLZL8QPmA6XTTPp_9aXdOrRFJIWtUfdpw/w400-h250/geospatial-search-2.PNG" title="Worldwide GIS software search trends" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Worldwide GIS software search trends<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></div>Here's a little looping gif of searches for QGIS (software) and ArcGIS (software) for different countries, and worldwide, from 2004 to 2022. The blue line is QGIS, the red line is ArcGIS. Note the convergence in some countries, the crossover in others, and the large gap in others. The country name is in small text in each chart, just below where it says QGIS - best viewed on a big screen obviously.<div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQUmr0eBLCgDjwVuwcV3RoODFfAK7VegFtiWEsRyOUw4xSJvZqPJIOZKZWKG6wi8HEKpMXtVk6b1h_Sz7eAGiPtGEld1YcGk6xy5E-KLlFrr4nTLZJ3rRMOBWbtLVJMOrrbkMv3FfpGHBy9VmFPSYj4IOMOAmZy1RpWnj7fNj-wP08ZivFkjfgcQNrkg/s1200/gis-trends-gif.gif" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="674" data-original-width="1200" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQUmr0eBLCgDjwVuwcV3RoODFfAK7VegFtiWEsRyOUw4xSJvZqPJIOZKZWKG6wi8HEKpMXtVk6b1h_Sz7eAGiPtGEld1YcGk6xy5E-KLlFrr4nTLZJ3rRMOBWbtLVJMOrrbkMv3FfpGHBy9VmFPSYj4IOMOAmZy1RpWnj7fNj-wP08ZivFkjfgcQNrkg/w400-h225/gis-trends-gif.gif" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Trends in GIS software search over time, by country</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /><div><br /></div><div>If the software you use is the one you want to use, does what you need it to, you're happy with it - and you even like using it - then I'd say that's the one for you. If this means using more than one piece of software, even better. Spread the love! For millions of people worldwide this all means that the answer to my initial question in the title is 'ArcGIS is the best software' - although I'd be interested to hear from long-term ArcGIS users on how they feel their transition to Pro has gone. </div><div><br /></div><div>I must confess that every time I see a new piece of work from the Monet of Maps (<a href="https://www.esri.com/arcgis-blog/author/j_nelson/" target="_blank">John Nelson</a>) I'm even more tempted to get myself a Pro licence. But there is only so much time in the day and GIS software cannot yet make more of it (unless you can afford to purchase the ArcTime® extension, which gives you 36 hours in each day).</div><div><br /></div><div>Excel does <a href="https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/create-a-map-chart-in-excel-f2cfed55-d622-42cd-8ec9-ec8a358b593b" target="_blank">maps</a> now too of course, though not incredibly well as far as I am concerned.</div><div><br /></div><div>So the best GIS software for many people is ArcGIS and/or ArcGIS Pro. I used to use both and deliberately taught both because I think it's important not to become too locked in to one solution. In fact, for a good while I had ArcGIS, MapInfo and QGIS on my main work machine, but no longer - today it's just QGIS.</div><div><br /></div><div>Because I think QGIS is the best GIS software for me, here are some of the best things about QGIS for me, followed by something I'd change about QGIS.</div><div><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: left;">The best things about QGIS</h3><p>There are lots of great things about QGIS, but I can probably highlight a few here for anyone thinking of getting into GIS software but not totally sure about what one to choose.</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Works on any operating system - Windows, Mac, Linux (and I have it installed on each of these operating systems, and <a href="http://www.statsmapsnpix.com/2016/01/running-qgis-on-chromebook.html" target="_blank">previously</a> had it on my Chromebook too)</li><li>You can make <a href="https://twitter.com/sdbernard" target="_blank">GREAT maps</a> with it, just like the newsrooms of major global media organisations do (e.g. New York Times, Washington Post, BBC, the FT, and so many more)</li><li>It can handle any geospatial file format</li><li>It can export to any geospatial file format</li><li>I can automate the mapping process with QGIS Atlas and output thousands of different maps at the click of a button</li><li>I can get all fancy with expressions, filters, queries and little bit of code and combine it all to create lovely maps</li><li>It's already great but keeps getting better</li><li>Cartographically it's a powerhouse - so many options and shortcuts mean it's super-efficient</li><li>The Print Layout (which can seem fiddly at first) is super-powerful and adaptable</li><li>The Processing Toolbox - an absolute powerhouse of geoprocessing</li><li>Plugins - because it's open source we have so many great extensions developed by people across the world </li><li>Python integration - I'm still terrible at all this but click the Python Console button and you can go far</li><li>The user community - this is not niche orphan software, QGIS is a huge collective of users and developers </li><li>It's super-easy to add web map layers to QGIS (e.g. XYZ or WMTS format or suchlike) - this is so useful</li><li>Your niche problems are often solved before you even knew you had them - this is because someone else probably had that problem first and then either a) created a Plugin to solve the problem or b) wrote a tutorial to help you and the rest of the world solve the problem - this can happen super-quickly in open source software in a way that it cannot always happen for proprietary tools </li><li>Multi-language support - you can use QGIS in so many different languages, thanks to the international nature of the user and developer community (see below)</li><li>It's free - this is WAY down the list of reasons for me, because I don't mind paying for good software and I donate to the QGIS project anyway (currently at least £500/year but hopefully over £1000/year soon)</li></ul><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQrgP1Anxgd8Ahlexn_VOyLO2K_gkdsY5ga2NOftzTJ3JHdY88jDIrYyKH-dP613_vhjjKODoJYVophZdGze5VqOWMJSGp7P1LRuYklTfwEAgjC9NsG6Q6pMy2UB0C2nioL4zbuq3htHvunFTob2VQkFtD3hpoqfYyTckzDoXvZnX6W8P37_hUcZsbWg/s1396/qgis-translators.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="888" data-original-width="1396" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQrgP1Anxgd8Ahlexn_VOyLO2K_gkdsY5ga2NOftzTJ3JHdY88jDIrYyKH-dP613_vhjjKODoJYVophZdGze5VqOWMJSGp7P1LRuYklTfwEAgjC9NsG6Q6pMy2UB0C2nioL4zbuq3htHvunFTob2VQkFtD3hpoqfYyTckzDoXvZnX6W8P37_hUcZsbWg/w400-h255/qgis-translators.PNG" title="Not yet available in Klingon" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Klingon? Not yet </td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">What might I change about QGIS?</h3><p>No software is perfect, even if it is (cliché alert) perfect for <i>you</i>. In fact, I believe nearly all software is very far from perfect, but some come close. So, with this in mind, here are all the things about QGIS that I would change, if I could.</p><p><br /></p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b>Fewer updates</b> - I saw a post on Twitter commenting on QGIS that it was software 'by devs, for devs' or something like that and while I don't agree I can at the same time see where this view comes from and have some sympathy for it. And anyway it does no harm to think about these things.</li></ul><p></p><p><br /></p><p>That's it really. There are small things I'd tweak due to my own personal tastes if the software was only being used by me, but from the perspective of a trainer and something of a cheerleader for QGIS I would perhaps like to see a two to three yearly long term release (LTR) schedule and if the regular development versions (release candidates) are still made available (but given much less prominence on the download page) that might be good for new users and even more established users like me. I have had a lot of feedback from users when installing that the LTR vs RC thing can be confusing, as difficult as this may be to believe for those well-versed in the software.</p><p>This 'fewer updates' desire is a bit like the job interview question where you're asked if you have any faults and you reply that 'I work too hard and am such a perfectionist' because it's basically a positive disguised as a negative in that I install and enjoy the frequent updates but at the same time the timetable does make my head spin sometimes. </p><p>Overall, though, I mainly want to thank the large and generous QGIS development team for what they have produced since <a href="https://www.xyht.com/spatial-itgis/godfather-of-qgis/" target="_blank">Gary Sherman's initial release in July 2002.</a> It really is remarkable that QGIS has reached the point where we have millions of users, across all types of organisation and national contexts and for many people across the world QGIS is now their desktop GIS of choice, and good company too.</p><p>I try to contribute to QGIS myself by being a <a href="https://qgis.org/en/site/about/sustaining_members.html" target="_blank">sustaining member</a> (£$), by offering free tutorials on my blog, helping people via email and DMs, as well as offering <a href="https://automaticknowledge.co.uk/training/" target="_blank">training</a> to individuals and companies. The plan is to move up to the next financial category of sustaining membership, and hopefully that will happen soon. </p><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">But what about making maps in R, Python and suchlike?</h3><p>A good question, but not one I really mean to get into here because I'm talking about software specifically for GIS. But of course R and Python are great tools for map making, as well as lots of other things. And what about tools like Mapbox, CARTO, UrbanSDK, Felt and so on? Again, all great but these are not desktop GIS software, which is what I'm talking about here. I've used them all to varying degrees and had lots of fun doing so, but I remain rubbish at R and Python. But here's my Greggs <a href="https://alasdairrae.github.io/steakbakespider/" target="_blank">steak bake spider map</a> anyway (<a href="https://github.com/alasdairrae/alasdairrae.github.io/tree/master/steakbakespider" target="_blank">info page</a>).</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiofMeN83b3YZC-Mkdj90faoVD3XwE8BRVr3naqNh4ET61RTeuf-RYMUeD5HW_6F9itHE3_ZzMS-vPdFLucGfu5oWK0yyIrwhPM5grl5xuTQsHF71wKcoeeROmYMneSIyErK2yuR4B_p9YMhuSM3GlIUwFwpxDbUY-x5rGWzG9vwYySEdryAU4B3vFwpg/s1393/greggs-steakbake.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="833" data-original-width="1393" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiofMeN83b3YZC-Mkdj90faoVD3XwE8BRVr3naqNh4ET61RTeuf-RYMUeD5HW_6F9itHE3_ZzMS-vPdFLucGfu5oWK0yyIrwhPM5grl5xuTQsHF71wKcoeeROmYMneSIyErK2yuR4B_p9YMhuSM3GlIUwFwpxDbUY-x5rGWzG9vwYySEdryAU4B3vFwpg/w400-h239/greggs-steakbake.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Where is the nearest Greggs?</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Final thoughts </h3><p>"Which GIS software is best?" This is actually the second question, or even the third or fourth. The first question is "what do you need to do?", the second is "what do you need to do it on?" and the third might be "in what setting or context?". </p><p>I tried not to go too hard on the 'QGIS is amazing' vibe here, and I probably failed. But I do hope that readers who have come this far will take my point that 'best' is very much context-dependent and that the solution for one person may not be the same as it is for another. And that is totally fine.</p><p>Oh, and the shortest way to London on land is 8h 46m on the Inverness to London King's Cross train from 07:55 to 16:41 or a 1h20 flight if you want to mess around in airports for half a day and then find your way into central London. </p><p>Just make sure you don't sit next to someone talking about GIS software or geospatial file formats because that would make it THE LONGEST JOURNEY ON EARTH.</p><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Notes</span></h4><div><span style="font-size: x-small;">®Esri, ArcGIS Pro, ArcGIS Online, ArcPad, Web AppBuilder, ModelBuilder, ArcMap and ArcGIS are trademarks, registered trademarks, or service marks of Esri in the United States, the European Community, or certain other jurisdictions.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;">The Trends data is pretty interesting, but don't take it as hard evidence that x is more popular than y. Having said that, the difference between the red line and the blue line in the US chart is maybe indicative of a situation of actual ESRI market dominance on the ground. Who knows though because it's difficult to get reliable data on the desktop GIS market. </span></div><div><br /></div><div><br /><br /></div></div>Alasdair Raehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12959449302596057979noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6894643731791231365.post-82829034666124016982022-09-15T16:05:00.010-07:002022-09-16T03:24:14.679-07:00How big is Tokyo? <p>How big is Tokyo? What's the population of Tokyo? What even <i>is </i>Tokyo? All excellent questions, so in this long read I'll try to explain my answers to these questions by way of data and maps, including some new analysis I've done. But first, here's a photo of the urban area, plus a map of <a href="https://www.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/english/about/index.html" target="_blank">Tokyo prefecture</a> - I'll say more about it later on - including a bit about the remote Tokyo island shaped like a shark's tooth.</p><p><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLHpmn_jsUAAcFbhGovSzVf5VCHF36LuT-MdIpvtfxXrzCyrLMZ09jJQyUStQvI97ZUtLNBKo_yupxi3PUuX-v1PipvByBfF_KuNWbAz19mBPgrRhPRBrg1-_G2Y00RWWxj9bMnuX9udDhdNB0rKbIdXlm3VVCN-htsnmU9OFQ5w4nveGSNj1ZkdByZQ/s5999/Tokyo_from_the_top_of_the_SkyTree.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3598" data-original-width="5999" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLHpmn_jsUAAcFbhGovSzVf5VCHF36LuT-MdIpvtfxXrzCyrLMZ09jJQyUStQvI97ZUtLNBKo_yupxi3PUuX-v1PipvByBfF_KuNWbAz19mBPgrRhPRBrg1-_G2Y00RWWxj9bMnuX9udDhdNB0rKbIdXlm3VVCN-htsnmU9OFQ5w4nveGSNj1ZkdByZQ/w400-h240/Tokyo_from_the_top_of_the_SkyTree.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Yodalica, CC BY-SA 4.0, <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tokyo_from_the_top_of_the_SkyTree.JPG" target="_blank">via Wikimedia Commons</a></td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFQinllOLjmXdbvbl4esbaaF5HriVBDFGJyq7tNmpzgoyhORfHr9f5TkoOOTeBv-8PO9wtYZlen4dnZL7W2pCvxCjsdgo41knmVxK2QGYfpc6OqsfnKmcdvf54b_3S38P4MYLBJKrDy_P07z3tC8ja9_xeb2gDX3rPTymtJvPzVhFkSHZEkLRQXfPtKw/s1410/tokyo-prefecture-convex-hull.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="762" data-original-width="1410" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFQinllOLjmXdbvbl4esbaaF5HriVBDFGJyq7tNmpzgoyhORfHr9f5TkoOOTeBv-8PO9wtYZlen4dnZL7W2pCvxCjsdgo41knmVxK2QGYfpc6OqsfnKmcdvf54b_3S38P4MYLBJKrDy_P07z3tC8ja9_xeb2gDX3rPTymtJvPzVhFkSHZEkLRQXfPtKw/w400-h216/tokyo-prefecture-convex-hull.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The convex hull for Tokyo Prefecture</td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">The short-ish version</h3><p>If you look at a satellite image of the wider metropolitan region that includes Tokyo, Yokohama and many other places and then calculate a population for that continous urban area, you'll get one big figure. If you calculate the population of Tokyo based on the commuter zone you'll get another big number. If you calculate it at the prefecture level you get another, lower, figure and if you use the '<a href="https://www.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/english/about/structure/structure02.html" target="_blank">23 Special Wards</a>' definition of Tokyo you get another figure. </p><p>But if you're reading this then you probably already know all that, so let's look at the latest numbers instead. For this, I derived four different 'Tokyo' populations using the most recent (2020) <a href="https://hub.worldpop.org/geodata/listing?id=74" target="_blank">WorldPop data</a> for Japan. There are actually four different versions of this data that you could use and I tried them all but the numbers differed very little between datasets so the figures here use the 2020 1km aggregated WorldPop data for Japan. So, based on this, here are some 'Tokyo' populations for 2020.</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b>9.7 million people in the 23 Special Wards</b> (this represents the inner-urban core of the Tokyo Metropolitan Area, and is part of Tokyo prefecture - i.e. the Tokyo Metropolitan Government (TMG) area). </li><li><b>14.3 million people in Tokyo prefecture</b> (i.e. the 'city proper' - this is the official <a href="https://www.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/ENGLISH/ABOUT/HISTORY/history02.htm" target="_blank">Tokyo Metropolitan Government area</a> but a big chunk of it goes well beyond the urban fabric). The official <a href="https://www.toukei.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/tnenkan/tn-eindex.htm" target="_blank">Tokyo Statistical Yearbook 2020</a> figure for this area says there are 14.05 million people in Tokyo prefecture, so my calculation isn't far off. Given that my calculations are based on 1km squares, it's not surprising there are some differences, given the unmodifiable chunkiness of 1km chunks of city vs the very detailed prefecture boundary.</li><li><b>34.6 million people</b> in the wider Tokyo urban area, as <a href="https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/53473144-b88c-44bc-b4a3-4583ed1f547e" target="_blank">defined</a> by the European Commission's Global Human Settlement Layer project - take a look at <a href="https://ghsl.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ucdb2018visual.php" target="_blank">their web map</a>. This area is highly urbanised and in fact if you look closely (see map below) it appears that there are many continuously urban areas adjacent to it which are not included - so it may not be picking up all of the <a href="https://www.japan.go.jp/regions/kanto.html" target="_blank">Kanto</a> continous urban area. In fact, it definitely isn't. That's why I give another figure, below.</li></ul><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsfailGyT20Z2XTWl-tcJIfP_qZuR6uDmdQj3csCg1bbTmHMP7asvqJOyEc90pWGPoYvxZGzGLlWguhh608n0qWX6AZtUypQca6Wj3ZTt8J4vy02xjjclbwAIMVcypEYbUSCJn5Q-MzdXULyJ1mJKcVghcarnWRp4DYksWnjEvnZiVde36USz2HT0fMQ/s1410/tokyo-ghsl-area.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="762" data-original-width="1410" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsfailGyT20Z2XTWl-tcJIfP_qZuR6uDmdQj3csCg1bbTmHMP7asvqJOyEc90pWGPoYvxZGzGLlWguhh608n0qWX6AZtUypQca6Wj3ZTt8J4vy02xjjclbwAIMVcypEYbUSCJn5Q-MzdXULyJ1mJKcVghcarnWRp4DYksWnjEvnZiVde36USz2HT0fMQ/w400-h216/tokyo-ghsl-area.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The GHSL project's definition of 'Tokyo' urban area</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b>40.5 million people</b> in a fairly continuously urbanised area within the much larger Kanto region. I drew this area very roughly myself based on the underlying satellite imagery but as you can see (below) it does appear to be a reasonable approximation for the wider urban area. Yes, there is a good bit of green in here but it's still very much an urban area.</li></ul><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL_6Wwr7dh_C08_hxdu-QATDz98vVPxXHctUrgf9bmUTYrddLVSDRAaceVatzbIS9ZASm_XrFO6gR3piTX7G7MGKO0VGQpr9yNAVTe2oCiimeEryUWG6Pw-8Q-5DNxrvsRAkeIv-GI-TADWIJwh-MNK-lF60jsRaPRZe6HPrwRPmO23E7MGTiZbEfjfQ/s1410/tokyo-ajr-area.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="762" data-original-width="1410" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL_6Wwr7dh_C08_hxdu-QATDz98vVPxXHctUrgf9bmUTYrddLVSDRAaceVatzbIS9ZASm_XrFO6gR3piTX7G7MGKO0VGQpr9yNAVTe2oCiimeEryUWG6Pw-8Q-5DNxrvsRAkeIv-GI-TADWIJwh-MNK-lF60jsRaPRZe6HPrwRPmO23E7MGTiZbEfjfQ/w400-h216/tokyo-ajr-area.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The wider 'Tokyo' metropolitan area</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><div><i>So is the population of Tokyo 40.5 million, or what?</i> Well, we'll talk about Tokyo definitions a bit more below but here's the answer I'd give.</div><div><br /></div><blockquote><div style="text-align: left;">"The population of the wider metropolitan area in which Tokyo is situated is approximately 40 million people. The continuously urbanised Tokyo commuter zone has about 35 million people. The official Tokyo local government area (i.e. the prefecture, or TMG) has 14 million people and the '23 Special Wards' of Tokyo contain just under 10 million people."</div></blockquote><div><br /></div><div>But of course this also raises more questions, such as: <i>how big are these areas in terms of square miles or square km</i>? And, <i>how does this compare to other cities or urban areas</i>? <i>And what about population density?</i></div><div><br /></div><div>But for now, I think we've reached the conclusion that Tokyo is a big city. I think we can all agree on that much. Or can we? But what actually is 'Tokyo' anyway?</div><p></p><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">How big is Tokyo? The many Tokyos</h3><p>Geography boffins can talk all day about formal regions, functional regions, ontologies, epistemologies, boundedness, agglomeration, conurbations and so on. We can even go on Reddit or elsewhere on the web to read about how big Tokyo is or isn't, including <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/MapPorn/comments/1c69es/greater_tokyo_area_superimposed_over_great/" target="_blank">that famous image</a> of the wider Kanto area plonked over the UK. But for most sensible urban watchers, the 'city proper' isn't really a great way of assessing 'cities' because it's often a fairly arbitrary boundary that goes well beyond the urbanised area itself (as in the case of Tokyo) or indeed doesn't actually include all of the urbanised area at all (also true in the case of Tokyo). </p><p>A prime example of this is shown in the map below, of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government area (the TMG, shown in white - this is the prefecture boundary for Tokyo) - I haven't shown the far-flung islands that are actually part of the TMG prefecture but you can see that the area around most of it is very dense. The area within the dashed white line is home to 14 million people, as of 2020. This is one of Japan's 47 prefectures and it is the most populous by far - Kanagawa (containing Yokohama) immediately south of Tokyo has about 9.2 million people. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXi9-GW1RQ776FfUPOwlQ-EVJDCpzcN4pabd1e2u7cP4np-jo5w5W1O-1BA9KKLi5l45_boR-hMz8uZKQ-89vOhEcof-Z3bLpeR90inbUic94ljXTmzfwXWW0A2fD8_pDu_JEv3Bun55jsz08afRGdnDCclCxibhbshK3dKBrkbkGXc8Ci4QAnUCau5g/s1410/tmg-bounded.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="762" data-original-width="1410" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXi9-GW1RQ776FfUPOwlQ-EVJDCpzcN4pabd1e2u7cP4np-jo5w5W1O-1BA9KKLi5l45_boR-hMz8uZKQ-89vOhEcof-Z3bLpeR90inbUic94ljXTmzfwXWW0A2fD8_pDu_JEv3Bun55jsz08afRGdnDCclCxibhbshK3dKBrkbkGXc8Ci4QAnUCau5g/w400-h216/tmg-bounded.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Overbounded in the west, underbounded everywhere else</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>If you Google 'Tokyo prefecture' this (above) is the boundary you <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/Tokyo,+Japan/@35.775549,139.0668002,11.75z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x605d1b87f02e57e7:0x2e01618b22571b89!8m2!3d35.6761919!4d139.6503106!16zL20vMDdkZms" target="_blank">should see</a> on Google Maps. It is equivalent, in administrative terms, to the local government area covering Greater London or New York City. But of course it is an administrative, technical, political boundary and not one that makes much sense if we think about human activities. It's a formal boundary rather than a functional one.</p><p>Nonetheless, this version of 'Tokyo' does exist and it is a real thing and within this space your local government authority is the Tokyo Metropolitan Government and the Governor is (at the time of writing) is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuriko_Koike" target="_blank">Yuriko Koike</a>. But really this section is more about the size of 'Tokyo' in areal units, so let's get to that. Note in the map below how the only 'Tokyo' that includes a big chunk of countryside is the official Tokyo Metropolitan Government area - i.e. the actual Tokyo prefecture itself).</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>The 23 Special Wards cover an area of approximately <b>620 sq km / 240 sq mi</b>.</li><li>The Tokyo Metropolitan Government area (TMG, also known as Tokyo prefecture) covers an area of approximately <b>1,780 sq km</b> / <b>687 sq mi-</b> note that this refers to the area shown in the map below and does not include the islands that are part of the prefecture.</li><li>The Tokyo commuter zone (i.e. the European Commission's GHSL boundary for 'Tokyo') covers <b>5,318 sq km / 2,053 sq mi</b>.</li><li>The area I defined - very roughly - as being the continous urban fabric surrounding Tokyo covers an area of <b>12,350 sq km / 4,768 sq mi</b>. Note that my drawn area is not the same as the Kanto region. The Kanto region covers an area of 32,423 sq km / 12,518 sq mi and has a population of 42 million - so if we used the Kanto region as a proxy for 'Greater Tokyo' or 'the wider Tokyo Metropolitan area' then it would be adding in loads of almost empty countryside and that wouldn't make much sense.</li></ul><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjz9CxVs1eYK4UxPItaF4tK7SJ99B4vDaMtjT6JfEdhSORKVazFebim2hvT7DnC108HoTB324ki1EUwCg4PhhEW16dgbZlPKDDDO3Np2EdSzR1ypLMaxG4uy0o8q-bbl2cR7cJOjX38why0uv1awdtcse1lCp7gAa9v5vsPFSusONGF96-Qih1VSFrAJA/s3507/tokyos-areas.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2480" data-original-width="3507" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjz9CxVs1eYK4UxPItaF4tK7SJ99B4vDaMtjT6JfEdhSORKVazFebim2hvT7DnC108HoTB324ki1EUwCg4PhhEW16dgbZlPKDDDO3Np2EdSzR1ypLMaxG4uy0o8q-bbl2cR7cJOjX38why0uv1awdtcse1lCp7gAa9v5vsPFSusONGF96-Qih1VSFrAJA/w400-h283/tokyos-areas.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Look at the urban fabric vs the boundaries here</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><div>But does any of this even help us? Do you know how big or how small 620 sq km or 240 square miles even is? Well done if you do, but I don't, so I need to have some way to compare it to something I know if I'm going to understand it. More on that below in relation to London but here are a few comparisons.</div><div><br /></div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b>New York City </b>(i.e. the five Boroughs) covers 300 square miles (about 780 sq km). So, the 23 Special Wards (population just under 10 million) covers an area about 80% of the size of NYC but has more than a million extra people.</li><li><b>Greater London</b> (i.e. the 32 Boroughs plus the City of London) covers an area of about 1,570 sq km (606 sq mi) - that's about 90% of the size of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government prefecture area - and recall that the Tokyo prefecture area contains 14 million compared to about 9 million in Greater London. Add Scotland's population (about 5.4 million) to Greater London and you get roughly the same population as Tokyo prefecture.</li><li><b>Delaware </b>is about the same size is the the European Commission's GHSL boundary for 'Tokyo'. Delaware covers 1,982 sq mi or 5,133 sq km and has a population of just over 1 million as of 2021. By comparison, the GHSL 'Tokyo' area has almost 35 million people. Take Delaware, add in the population of Texas (almost 30 million as of 2020) and you're still not at metro Tokyo density levels. To get to that you'd also have to add Arkansas' 3 million residents. This would of course be a fascinating sociological experiment but in practice it may not work very well. </li><li><b>Île-de-France</b> (the the Région Parisienne / the Paris Region) covers an area of 12,012 sq km (4,368 sq mi) and has a population of just under 13 million people - compared to the 40 million in my self-drawn 'Tokyo continous urban area' shape. This is also roughly the same area as Los Angeles County (including the water bits), which is home to just under 10 million people.</li></ul></div><div>So you're saying that Delaware has the same area (roughly) as the urbanised Tokyo commuter zone but 34 million fewer people? Yes, that's about right. and the continous urban fabric of Tokyo's extended metropolitan area has more people than California in an area not much bigger than Los Angeles County? Also yes.</div><div><br /></div><div>Okay, but what's this in Londons? How many Londons is this? Can we make sense of this by using Londons? Perhaps, so do read on.</div><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgobUuZLHeFi8UDI6VSeKfCLUlBlmaGmJVSvr1OXOYCXJ_HoLuDUv5kYJyCbVu6kCabWl1iKkcJOXfKntbyr2n8BQ2qWNXWU_1K5PQ-rGY8JGazLcQfsul9DyfNLC1ijZcNlo4wFXVaFBN9smRVvQcOcsnl4jboQv_1w7Nz8Ij8ihUDPtUWs_6219w-sw/s3507/tokyos-areas-with-pops.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2480" data-original-width="3507" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgobUuZLHeFi8UDI6VSeKfCLUlBlmaGmJVSvr1OXOYCXJ_HoLuDUv5kYJyCbVu6kCabWl1iKkcJOXfKntbyr2n8BQ2qWNXWU_1K5PQ-rGY8JGazLcQfsul9DyfNLC1ijZcNlo4wFXVaFBN9smRVvQcOcsnl4jboQv_1w7Nz8Ij8ihUDPtUWs_6219w-sw/w400-h283/tokyos-areas-with-pops.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Note how the white boundary goes beyond the urban area</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Tokyos as Londons</h3><p>Because I live in the UK, about 175 miles from London, and because London is the only big city I know fairly well, I'm going to use Londons to make more sense of the Tokyos above. What I did was take the shape of Greater London and then resize it to match the four different definitions of 'Tokyo' above. To be clear, though, when I say 'London' I am using it as shorthand for Greater London - that is, the 32 Boroughs plus the City of London that have a combined population of 9 million people. </p><p>Once I had created four new Londons, re-sized to match the four different Tokyos above, I then calculated the population of these new Tokyo-based Londons using the same WorldPop 2020 data as I used for Tokyo. This gave me the following results.</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>The area of London re-sized to match the area covered by Tokyo's 23 Special wards has 5.7 million people (vs 9.7 million in Tokyo's 23 Special Wards).</li><li>London re-sized to match the Tokyo Metropolitan Government area (i.e. the prefecture) has 9.5 million people in it. It's only just a bit bigger than Greater London itself. The real Tokyo has 14.3 million people in the same area.</li><li>London re-sized to match Tokyo's GHSL-based wider urban area has 12.5 million people in it, compared to almost 35 million in the real Tokyo urban area.</li><li>London re-sized to match my wider 'urban fabric' definition of Greater Tokyo has 16.2 million people in it, compared to 40.5 million in the actual 'urban fabric' of the wider Tokyo area.</li></ul><div>You can see all this on the maps below. The first one is just the re-sized Londons, the next one has labels too and the one after that shows the urban fabric to you can get a sense of the underlying settlement pattern in the south east of England.</div><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg81EUot8-_TPhEz6KLLXrGDSxikWCaFkGm0BQQZgyAT6B39GkCsiFUxgCbCbnJiHavm3QF3A1qypE0vUmB_g4SzMNuPRCmNXjghPxeon2JLBnRTG97bixmWvuJ7c_bSpsajirm9aVpS6eY01oS0vgE0Bd_cJdL4ZQIaKIPvYHrYWqABGuk8fQntUa9Xw/s3507/Tokyos%20as%20Londons.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2480" data-original-width="3507" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg81EUot8-_TPhEz6KLLXrGDSxikWCaFkGm0BQQZgyAT6B39GkCsiFUxgCbCbnJiHavm3QF3A1qypE0vUmB_g4SzMNuPRCmNXjghPxeon2JLBnRTG97bixmWvuJ7c_bSpsajirm9aVpS6eY01oS0vgE0Bd_cJdL4ZQIaKIPvYHrYWqABGuk8fQntUa9Xw/w400-h283/Tokyos%20as%20Londons.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Greater London re-sized to match different Tokyos</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7CIntFGg_m0oqw5tZPp3Oe4jWqur-3LJG5eF6huCf7mWcwKRvaPSuj2ZUMcy71tfg1V4mWEM3Tm2sZ9-532ZK7nLjlAWqONasm5AvcrklCieGxUAjpSvAFQn4pW0jw39ZiDgak8mVrSE4CoelCB77nea-uHWSd7Xzbvc8Svf1XCWH-9ybnY2hdelloQ/s3507/Tokyos%20as%20Londons%20labels.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2480" data-original-width="3507" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7CIntFGg_m0oqw5tZPp3Oe4jWqur-3LJG5eF6huCf7mWcwKRvaPSuj2ZUMcy71tfg1V4mWEM3Tm2sZ9-532ZK7nLjlAWqONasm5AvcrklCieGxUAjpSvAFQn4pW0jw39ZiDgak8mVrSE4CoelCB77nea-uHWSd7Xzbvc8Svf1XCWH-9ybnY2hdelloQ/w400-h283/Tokyos%20as%20Londons%20labels.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">With labels, for a bit of context (a bit messy, sorry)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCA82ZGYBf5Pe9iXEXZas3cKv-iJcOxfvZjjTcLQPYw_PMMrHPYSBLyBaQScHBUbSRqd8ZrCB_tBV41jieF31N4TvLOWYdPgsLk0DLy_YCeBILBRmzdnWMKivnQdBEFgZHkN15Lihx7LDp75Ei7vkZSlL6iGti1J6Qq9f3Th8cSmFTNQ0lqdQBXRTkHA/s3507/Tokyos%20as%20Londons%20buildings.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2480" data-original-width="3507" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCA82ZGYBf5Pe9iXEXZas3cKv-iJcOxfvZjjTcLQPYw_PMMrHPYSBLyBaQScHBUbSRqd8ZrCB_tBV41jieF31N4TvLOWYdPgsLk0DLy_YCeBILBRmzdnWMKivnQdBEFgZHkN15Lihx7LDp75Ei7vkZSlL6iGti1J6Qq9f3Th8cSmFTNQ0lqdQBXRTkHA/w400-h283/Tokyos%20as%20Londons%20buildings.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Same as the first one, but with building footprints added</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>I realise this can all get a bit confusing at times but just remember that the coloured 'London' shapes above have been re-sized to match the areas covered by the four different definitions of 'Tokyo' used above. Now, although I'm not thinking about population density here, the last map in particular makes me think of it, not least because I've seen people say that London is more densely populated than Tokyo. Well, as you've seen above, that really depends upon what you mean by Tokyo, so let's talk a little bit about density.</p><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Population density</h3><p>We've seen above that the Tokyo prefecture boundary goes way into the non-urban part of the administrative area and that the population in this particular Tokyo is packed tightly together. This is just another example of where using an administrative boundary to derive population density data makes no sense, or at least not much sense to me. I have <a href="https://theconversation.com/think-your-country-is-crowded-these-maps-reveal-the-truth-about-population-density-across-europe-90345" target="_blank">written on this in the past</a>, in relation to what I call 'lived density'. The basic idea in that piece was that population density metrics often make no sense at all if we are thinking about it in relation to what people actually experience in their day-to-day lives.</p><p>If we go to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" target="_blank">Tokyo prefecture</a> page on Wikipedia, we will find the following information.</p><p style="text-align: left;"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b>Area: </b>2,194 sq km (847 sq mi) </li><li><b>Population:</b> 14.0 million</li><li><b>Density:</b> 6,363 people per sq km / 16,480 per sq mi</li></ul><div>But of course the population distribution in Tokyo prefecture is very much not a good reflection of this. </div><div><br /></div><div>The arithmetic mean here is a bad measure because: </div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b>a)</b> it is not a good representation of the reality on the ground - i.e. the mean as a model is a bad fit here; and </div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b>b) </b>the area figure includes loads of rural areas and offshore islands that are also very much not part of metropolitan Tokyo. </div><div><br /></div><div>Yes, the maths are correct but the number is not very useful in my opinion. The density in the 23 Special Wards would be a much closer representation of lived experience for most Tokyo residents.</div><div><br /></div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b>23 Special Wards area:</b> 620 sq km / 240 sq mi</li><li><b>23 Special Wards population:</b> 9.7 million</li><li><b>23 Special Wards population density:</b> about over 15,000 per sq km / 39,000 per sq mi</li></ul><div>Greater London's population density is about 5,666 per sq km or 14,670 per sq mi - so not as dense at all as the 23 Special Wards, or even as dense as the over-bounded Tokyo prefecture. I'm not sure of the original source of the claim that London has twice the population density of Tokyo but I saw it in <a href="https://twitter.com/botzarelli/status/1570431219858382857?s=20&t=J-0IrUiNn07alaEwMVJPxA" target="_blank">this twitter thread</a> and it stood out to me. I suppose it's all a matter of getting your Londons and your Tokyos defined in different ways though.</div></div><div><br /></div><div>Hmm, how where was I? Oh yes, the actual size of the official 'Tokyo' and by that I mean the prefecture, i.e. the <a href="https://www.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/english/" target="_blank">Tokyo Metropolitan Government</a> area. </div><div><br /></div><p></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">The official Tokyo is HUGE!</h3><p>The version of 'Tokyo' that gets us to 35 million people includes the following places: Tokyo; Yokohama; Kawasaki; Saitama; Chiba; Setagaya; Nerima; Ota; Sagamihara; Edogawa; Adachi; Funabashi; Itabashi; Kawaguchi; Hachiōji; Suginami; Koto; Ichikawa; Katsushika; Machida; Fujisawa; Kashiwa; Shinagawa; Kita; Koshigaya; Tokorozawa; Kawagoe; and Nak. That's a big place, but of course it's not a <i>single</i> place, even if it is basically one huge urbanised area with no major gaps in between.</p><p>But there is another Tokyo that is MUCH bigger than that Tokyo (kind of), though on the face of it you'd think it was much smaller. You can read about this on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo#Geography_and_government" target="_blank">Tokyo prefecture Wikipedia page</a> in the 'Geography and government' section but the basic facts are as follows.</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>It contains 62 different municipalities: 23 Special Wards, 26 cities, 5 towns, and 8 villages. </li><li>The most populous ward is Setagaya Ward (one of the 23), with a population of about 910,000. </li><li>It contains three villages with populations under 500</li><li>It contains islands hundreds of miles away from the Japanese mainland.</li></ul><div>Here's a map showing the convex hull of the Tokyo prefecture area, like the one at the beginning of this piece. The dotted line encloses all mainland and island areas that is officially, from an administrative point of view, 'Tokyo' - i.e. the prefecture version of Tokyo that has just over 14 million people. The sea is of course not part of Tokyo. </div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggBmqHa8m_ZaHNkAQk5lVjaGQbS0iO3QRIUWGoXIbOTIQCtCHpyFEN4RAmVUpTdevgfRQXsLpc3uXVqlV6xbfOlwPrnlRPH7s8HNQaGMlJxpH00_K-MMLmfYL7ObA_WtalGhtNt8ur-sw6Nv-HmS2NQMUCZeMv5-9A5CX3BvvUp1zOjQE8tmp6aaGz5w/s2203/tokyo-prefecture-big-glow.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1191" data-original-width="2203" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggBmqHa8m_ZaHNkAQk5lVjaGQbS0iO3QRIUWGoXIbOTIQCtCHpyFEN4RAmVUpTdevgfRQXsLpc3uXVqlV6xbfOlwPrnlRPH7s8HNQaGMlJxpH00_K-MMLmfYL7ObA_WtalGhtNt8ur-sw6Nv-HmS2NQMUCZeMv5-9A5CX3BvvUp1zOjQE8tmp6aaGz5w/w400-h216/tokyo-prefecture-big-glow.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Includes the Izu Islands and the Ogasawara Islands</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgq3lS9EMf1GiDah7mEcUo0xCpipbT52-MS5x2akSJyoRmTcwU79eDWcUrVCFNBgA63YgBHlPlgSIbSKBqK6DCRCQ_eZt32KS8nwQ9MOyGhoCZBcRPfSQ7k3aIK9XAu9WMEfke71ZaHyFJ-7LofJrO7S3untz8v_2PoNzZca5CCUTXhdB-C5HOI3V6JkQ/s1763/japan-tokyo-convex-hull.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="953" data-original-width="1763" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgq3lS9EMf1GiDah7mEcUo0xCpipbT52-MS5x2akSJyoRmTcwU79eDWcUrVCFNBgA63YgBHlPlgSIbSKBqK6DCRCQ_eZt32KS8nwQ9MOyGhoCZBcRPfSQ7k3aIK9XAu9WMEfke71ZaHyFJ-7LofJrO7S3untz8v_2PoNzZca5CCUTXhdB-C5HOI3V6JkQ/w400-h216/japan-tokyo-convex-hull.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rotate Japan and put it inside Tokyo's convex hull</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>What's the island at the far south east corner of the map above? Why, that would be Minamitorishima, the island shaped like a shark's tooth (see below).</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><p></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Minami-Tori-shima</h3><p>Here's a photo of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minamitorishima" target="_blank">Minamitorishima</a> taken in 1987 by a US Air Force Sergeant. Also known as Marcus Island, it is 1,848 km / 1,148 miles southeast of Tokyo and covers an area of about 1 square mile - about the same size as the City of London - and the closest island to it is more than 1,000 km away. It is, as you might expect, the most easterly point of 'Tokyo' and nobody lives there. This makes it easier to calculate the population density. Unsurprisingly, there is no Google Street View imagery here, although the <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/Minami-Tori-shima/@24.288986,153.9755942,2552m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m6!3m5!1s0x6144c267ac569d29:0xd0c1bbe4583e265b!8m2!3d24.2867829!4d153.9807774!16zL20vMDFiZzN2" target="_blank">satellite image</a> is quite good. It doesn't look like the best place to be when the weather is bad though.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiF0MFkGjL-YCrsnUohTUMgAN_Ec0FbeBXrU4RGr0MaIAYR8XZ3ErGrxEbZMRERzT5GYGKOJ_Nj44TyUTJepEY2o-6isxffrpaTHtS4O8qKVP4Yuclj4iom4RvxRqC2kTbIyUpOmfvMwLpNWRAmMADhj4PwaaRd5huWDV7_h6qMhQA3wlG_rqipAlw1g/s1920/1920px-Aerial-View-Minamitori-Island-1987.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1216" data-original-width="1920" height="254" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiF0MFkGjL-YCrsnUohTUMgAN_Ec0FbeBXrU4RGr0MaIAYR8XZ3ErGrxEbZMRERzT5GYGKOJ_Nj44TyUTJepEY2o-6isxffrpaTHtS4O8qKVP4Yuclj4iom4RvxRqC2kTbIyUpOmfvMwLpNWRAmMADhj4PwaaRd5huWDV7_h6qMhQA3wlG_rqipAlw1g/w400-h254/1920px-Aerial-View-Minamitori-Island-1987.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Taken by Chief Master Sergeant Don Sutherland, U.S. Air Force </td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Conclusions</h3><p><b>1. </b>Tokyo is a big city, however we define it. But to say that Tokyo has 10 million or 14 million people would be a big under-representation of the true size and scale of the continous urban area of which Tokyo is the biggest settlement.</p><p><b>2. </b>Not all Tokyos are the same but only one Tokyo is the 'official' Tokyo - i.e. the prefecture.</p><p><b>3. </b>Some Tokyos are much more than just Tokyo. That is, any sensible definition of the functional scale and size of Tokyo is much bigger than the Tokyo Metropolitan Government area defined by the prefecture boundary.</p><p><b>4. </b>One Tokyo (the 23 Special Wards) is much smaller than the other Tokyos.</p><p><b>5. </b>The urban area of 'Tokyo' or 'Greater Tokyo' or 'Tokyo Megalopolis' is very often considered to be the largest urban area on earth - and as we have seen here the population can be calculated at between 35 and 40 million people - that's about the same population as Canada or California. Note that the Global Human Settlement Layer (which my 34.6m Tokyo population comes from) has <a href="https://ghsl.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ucdb2018visual.php" target="_blank">Guangzhou and Jakarta</a> urban areas ahead of Tokyo in terms of population, at 40 and 36 million people respectively.</p><p><b>6. </b>Tokyo includes loads of islands far away from what we think of as Tokyo. If we draw a shape around it (i.e. a convex hull) then that area is far bigger than Japan itself. Yes, Japan fits into Tokyo's convex hull (if we chop it up a bit). Tell your friends.</p><p><b>7. </b>The population of Tokyo is 9.7 million, 14 million, 35 million or 40 million depending upon what you mean by 'Tokyo'. But if we're talking about the population of the large, continuous urban area then I'd say that 'Tokyo' has between 35 million people and 40 million people.</p><p><b>8.</b> Has anyone done a list of countries where you can see the nation's highest peak from the capital city? You can see Mount Fuji from Tokyo, about 100km / 62 miles away. This must be my next challenge.</p><p><br /></p><p>Here's a parting gif for you - the GHSL area of Tokyo compared to the GHSL London area - they are defined the same way so we are comparing <a href="https://ghsl.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ghs_stat_ucdb2015mt_r2019a.php" target="_blank">like-with-like</a> here.</p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkvUmoHGAdkjdPyfwgBHlJTsS0sQk69I-9Tks41uOGwWC8gAr092XiZK7C6LVKL75wmRPT0ERngsiTzF8Qeq1gXW4-bOgfxvF06iCmL0wIKxxc6ps3YdYqLwo-tGfdAhMGD80Hqbr6f3EfBRgRrAaz1t8G6zZjvdqW1UYIn32-yrNrAEboA8Dyp9TQHw/s1200/london-tokyo-ghsl-area.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1200" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkvUmoHGAdkjdPyfwgBHlJTsS0sQk69I-9Tks41uOGwWC8gAr092XiZK7C6LVKL75wmRPT0ERngsiTzF8Qeq1gXW4-bOgfxvF06iCmL0wIKxxc6ps3YdYqLwo-tGfdAhMGD80Hqbr6f3EfBRgRrAaz1t8G6zZjvdqW1UYIn32-yrNrAEboA8Dyp9TQHw/w400-h400/london-tokyo-ghsl-area.gif" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p>Alasdair Raehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12959449302596057979noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6894643731791231365.post-83976491286366841162022-06-30T06:34:00.003-07:002022-06-30T06:40:07.676-07:00Labelling tips and tricks for QGIS<p>It has been said that making a map is 80% labelling, and 20% everything else. Okay, I just made that up, but if you've spent any time at all using GIS software you'll see the truth in this. Sometimes I end up spending far too much time on labelling, but then again it's usually time well spent because it makes things clearer. Too many labels and we're overwhelmed, too few and we're left guessing. I put this post together for anyone who uses QGIS and wants to know a bit more about labelling - just some tips and tricks for general use, regardless of what QGIS version you're on. I'm going to do this on a Pacific-centric world map, because there aren't enough of them and it's nice to look at things from a non-Greenwich perspective. Here's a little example map below, and then everything is explained after that. I'm working on this kind of thing for my next <a href="https://www.udemy.com/mapacademy" target="_blank">Map Academy</a> course on Udemy.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDRrNcH4NzN_RUeC6tLZcrT8Y60kYrx61gXwdM4P7F4D2BKk2pLBokxMAmaCKGXXWlej9AqxiM0GeKNFyja6bj5PCJVZIq6jGsjyDln5B6Ka0ZfqoICsYyvGUvR_0plp-WF79axhoSkyJEtR6kQVEE6Ua5an0zdd0KOxtcpDBwdbq2FqpXBSjMVKnVLg/s4656/labels-1.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2578" data-original-width="4656" height="221" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDRrNcH4NzN_RUeC6tLZcrT8Y60kYrx61gXwdM4P7F4D2BKk2pLBokxMAmaCKGXXWlej9AqxiM0GeKNFyja6bj5PCJVZIq6jGsjyDln5B6Ka0ZfqoICsYyvGUvR_0plp-WF79axhoSkyJEtR6kQVEE6Ua5an0zdd0KOxtcpDBwdbq2FqpXBSjMVKnVLg/w400-h221/labels-1.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A little example, using data from <a href="http://simplemaps.com">simplemaps.com</a></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><h3 style="text-align: left;">The data</h3><p>As you can see, I'm using a Pacific-centric world map layer. This is based on the <a href="https://www.naturalearthdata.com/downloads/" target="_blank">Natural Earth</a> land layer and I just clipped it at 30 degrees west so that when I projected it using the <i>Sphere Equal Earth Asia Pacific</i> CRS in QGIS it didn't go all weird with Greenland and Antarctica split across the meridian. But of course you don't need to do this if you want to follow along - you can just add any world map layer, or none at all, because this is about labelling places.</p><p>For the cities layer, you can get it at <a href="http://simplemaps.com">simplemaps.com</a> as a csv and then load it into QGIS, but I already converted it to <a href="https://automaticknowledge.org/training/bonusdata/world_cities.gpkg" target="_blank">a world cities GeoPackage</a> so you can just download that directly and add it to QGIS if you want to follow along here. There are over 26,000 places in the file though, so when you add it you'll see too many places to make sense of - but we'll filter the layer to sort that out in a moment. For now, here's what the whole lot looks like.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjTXElk71_iCOj8e0OvFqFzUKtuQpr987OPILai69ECCqNEtwqwfLvp9chW9wlswIXi58bz_TRHBdMVjqRyqKxZX7HGA9X3sWK5ZMGzj-3dhXO0Va-TZHAPcPjCtcelU1etuQcmebr4tkb2a9JhlLyP4_3cTsc_tVj9uDXV6zNUj0N29555JrJ9veAjQ/s4656/labels-2.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2578" data-original-width="4656" height="221" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjTXElk71_iCOj8e0OvFqFzUKtuQpr987OPILai69ECCqNEtwqwfLvp9chW9wlswIXi58bz_TRHBdMVjqRyqKxZX7HGA9X3sWK5ZMGzj-3dhXO0Va-TZHAPcPjCtcelU1etuQcmebr4tkb2a9JhlLyP4_3cTsc_tVj9uDXV6zNUj0N29555JrJ9veAjQ/w400-h221/labels-2.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lots and lots of dots</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>Okay, so this is fairly typical when we add a cities or places layer to QGIS - or indeed any GIS software. We're overwhelmed with dots so we need to think about how to filter it somehow. That's next.</p><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Filtering the data</h3><p>Before we label, let's filter the data. You can use the columns (also known as Fields) in the Attribute Table to filter the data - and you can see below that I've done this using "capital" = 'primary' so that only capital cities are showing on the map.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj540XsnO7iNCaLREMh_zBjCFOdkMAdlSq4zXKKF8OcZ9QmgMZbVYVo9qQgO4V1FZ3ZrJWWmmVl6ENSydqZo7GCB7W--yEfBjNO7bDcGvNLiaQgf-tuVc61MWD3f5RdKRwFaDN6kvCHO_l2gyKjGrZ7nfcoyeHAojo-DT_Hm9Gecie3hUq5LCmV9iCjlg/s1481/labels-3.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="816" data-original-width="1481" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj540XsnO7iNCaLREMh_zBjCFOdkMAdlSq4zXKKF8OcZ9QmgMZbVYVo9qQgO4V1FZ3ZrJWWmmVl6ENSydqZo7GCB7W--yEfBjNO7bDcGvNLiaQgf-tuVc61MWD3f5RdKRwFaDN6kvCHO_l2gyKjGrZ7nfcoyeHAojo-DT_Hm9Gecie3hUq5LCmV9iCjlg/w400-h220/labels-3.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Okay, this is looking a bit better</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>But let's say we only want larger capital cities to appear - e.g. those with more people. We can use the population field in the dataset to filter further, like I've done below to show only capital cities with 1 million people or more.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVnC0GJws88E3WGwpybh5-P7raM36AJ02C-4_jeZGd61-VuqHsDSBkufZJrzg5MwCzWvPO6fiOaGoLervuW_QQUWvaKJZXJ2_SwVsuHs1C-L_otOEwW0Vpia4AHW9ZIATPa62hYwah7zqXDJM77IjOT_9Hyi96qe-TILn8wQABQrMXGdwJ2Cju-9_5xA/s1486/labels-4.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="811" data-original-width="1486" height="219" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVnC0GJws88E3WGwpybh5-P7raM36AJ02C-4_jeZGd61-VuqHsDSBkufZJrzg5MwCzWvPO6fiOaGoLervuW_QQUWvaKJZXJ2_SwVsuHs1C-L_otOEwW0Vpia4AHW9ZIATPa62hYwah7zqXDJM77IjOT_9Hyi96qe-TILn8wQABQrMXGdwJ2Cju-9_5xA/w400-h219/labels-4.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">You can see how to use the AND operator here</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>We also have a latitude and longitude column in this dataset, so we can use that to filter the data too. This time I'm going to filter it to show only those cities within 10 degrees of the equator that have more than 1 million people (according to the population column in our dataset).</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggOZ-1fIy12EpEk0CZEsgjTXvm90t1sBn3yNBEqMhpWxxXuTQCa9iVkM6jBjrbylMGf3a5Nb4V2IvIzKtd3H3nIpXjF4qALSqstb1FoLit77WHTaF1atIFtz3hiFWVNJhVnaT8V2nw2j9LUkzVUgjcX1NGuIYAyJCU82rvBlr0LGEJqiauNXESQvaMIQ/s1486/labels-5.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="818" data-original-width="1486" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggOZ-1fIy12EpEk0CZEsgjTXvm90t1sBn3yNBEqMhpWxxXuTQCa9iVkM6jBjrbylMGf3a5Nb4V2IvIzKtd3H3nIpXjF4qALSqstb1FoLit77WHTaF1atIFtz3hiFWVNJhVnaT8V2nw2j9LUkzVUgjcX1NGuIYAyJCU82rvBlr0LGEJqiauNXESQvaMIQ/w400-h220/labels-5.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">You can filter using any of the columns in your dataset</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><div>One more filter now - this time we're looking at cities in Brazil, Australia, Canada and Japan with more than 700000 people - according to the simplemaps dataset.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIHRSyLt6LPv0Mzfp51I5zOBO4hffV6b00spUTQQD5zkv_rA8lQc488hat2LuK0oT7DQNwEiIxyj4AS8RegAEjtMa3BzGVjh38Xtj52nxN7oBdO1I_1tUMdtqhSUzm1X7YQTdELEWBvq1UNPwknSsSGq5rpj3ZhzeR94BAlCvnl_sd8Ka3gamDYXxzTg/s1488/labels-6.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="823" data-original-width="1488" height="221" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIHRSyLt6LPv0Mzfp51I5zOBO4hffV6b00spUTQQD5zkv_rA8lQc488hat2LuK0oT7DQNwEiIxyj4AS8RegAEjtMa3BzGVjh38Xtj52nxN7oBdO1I_1tUMdtqhSUzm1X7YQTdELEWBvq1UNPwknSsSGq5rpj3ZhzeR94BAlCvnl_sd8Ka3gamDYXxzTg/w400-h221/labels-6.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Using IN as well as AND this time</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><h3 style="text-align: left;">What about labelling? </h3><div>This post is supposed to be about labelling, so let's talk about that in a moment. I just want to emphasise that BEFORE doing any labelling it really is worth thinking about what you want to label - and how many features there are as well as where exactly they are - e.g. are they overlapping?</div><div><br /></div><div>I wrote a filter expression so that I'm only showing the cities you saw at the top of the post - a selection of cities on or close to the Pacific Ocean. </div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpiPT9LHwgGuCocUtYeTHfLgDOf_ni_ArdxArhktqfMD7LxI546zAwe0LK3Pg2nfhXx4qRJK4tBdkuzcsSLz04lptCa8enwpR6cV-Np1wQCd1SPtMy3zb9EFte3eDtD0X1O8MPGBHA7ab6n5fRo85UbPMoQhXGOMb8BloYzhntZfEFehd0gU7sStMLeg/s4656/labels-7.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2578" data-original-width="4656" height="221" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpiPT9LHwgGuCocUtYeTHfLgDOf_ni_ArdxArhktqfMD7LxI546zAwe0LK3Pg2nfhXx4qRJK4tBdkuzcsSLz04lptCa8enwpR6cV-Np1wQCd1SPtMy3zb9EFte3eDtD0X1O8MPGBHA7ab6n5fRo85UbPMoQhXGOMb8BloYzhntZfEFehd0gU7sStMLeg/w400-h221/labels-7.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">I filtered the dataset to focus on only a few cities</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><div>The next few images show you what label settings I've used here - a variety of different methods, including a slightly transparent white background to the labels.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUMdt4Lij1fVk8VJo4Bu62-01iq8qFBYW_scg0gj8ln9rIbQRgCw11r3ofsu1A_JdRfTwbx8I0chGguKqgn8EzLsCKl4zURLcePI-jLhXafEqGX0taKiJlt93k6H2Rniqb7rk-zqTLRmzH9J_dwcTveHQ2Q-QYLtyIn9EbPuk1uXNocpKKKzV5Go6GzA/s958/labels-8.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="869" data-original-width="958" height="363" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUMdt4Lij1fVk8VJo4Bu62-01iq8qFBYW_scg0gj8ln9rIbQRgCw11r3ofsu1A_JdRfTwbx8I0chGguKqgn8EzLsCKl4zURLcePI-jLhXafEqGX0taKiJlt93k6H2Rniqb7rk-zqTLRmzH9J_dwcTveHQ2Q-QYLtyIn9EbPuk1uXNocpKKKzV5Go6GzA/w400-h363/labels-8.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">I'm using the city field to label the cities, size 14 font</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh07JxjW9KrdvQomHIZwjFY4_WIRg3N2Grtf7qsqqSLiXLJg3XcmLKV0kZdRRS2cCabO2IKW6LFIq1BJ-mg5ONlDD2oN9IulWySmg69SHfM_Dq19OJGkgvI9k5VKPZd8Zp5bjjQJzQ3zAVBNd0lTDJAC2gQidFnCxCB8krkP7_EAsMYnDiTyetPgXQuLA/s958/labels-9.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="869" data-original-width="958" height="363" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh07JxjW9KrdvQomHIZwjFY4_WIRg3N2Grtf7qsqqSLiXLJg3XcmLKV0kZdRRS2cCabO2IKW6LFIq1BJ-mg5ONlDD2oN9IulWySmg69SHfM_Dq19OJGkgvI9k5VKPZd8Zp5bjjQJzQ3zAVBNd0lTDJAC2gQidFnCxCB8krkP7_EAsMYnDiTyetPgXQuLA/w400-h363/labels-9.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Note the Size X and Y variables, and the Radius X, Y too</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3HGhhahrdpxJY3XXo8yLPsCJTNFBVNYQrXkSsXINM9mUZGDqFMkNPDgW_j2KMvFe8AXmI6HVkSgBVjX3KMh-9Lk3tDBf62C8x8PRaGV6GMq_7xcvprDYdaQ-00VAzwA7Ij06Kdu4MQBPgmLfFmU0xAfBaMJl7kDNiyZF9Cvy1KJf2vQC98Vv0cttTGQ/s958/labels-10.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="869" data-original-width="958" height="363" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3HGhhahrdpxJY3XXo8yLPsCJTNFBVNYQrXkSsXINM9mUZGDqFMkNPDgW_j2KMvFe8AXmI6HVkSgBVjX3KMh-9Lk3tDBf62C8x8PRaGV6GMq_7xcvprDYdaQ-00VAzwA7Ij06Kdu4MQBPgmLfFmU0xAfBaMJl7kDNiyZF9Cvy1KJf2vQC98Vv0cttTGQ/w400-h363/labels-10.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Drop shadow on the labels, with Opacity turned down</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjstXGDAJZXptd5vruaNz2qVSLZI-4pWl_ufHBK4aTH4EqksQ1qLurj2s6D7MvNV8Urk6M5qXgbTWr69CloMn2igQglg_8EKyu3OTGJVCKf-QM011rMspUeCM4lNjPc0Lcf4KpemnJJ6wbyeb70BN-tDrGJSsMHirM6yTURbQqXRIQCIhTBWqAPxtSqeg/s958/labels-11.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="869" data-original-width="958" height="363" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjstXGDAJZXptd5vruaNz2qVSLZI-4pWl_ufHBK4aTH4EqksQ1qLurj2s6D7MvNV8Urk6M5qXgbTWr69CloMn2igQglg_8EKyu3OTGJVCKf-QM011rMspUeCM4lNjPc0Lcf4KpemnJJ6wbyeb70BN-tDrGJSsMHirM6yTURbQqXRIQCIhTBWqAPxtSqeg/w400-h363/labels-11.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">I've moved the labels away from the symbols a bit here</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: left;">Visual hierarchy</h3><div>There are so many things you can do with labels in QGIS, but one really useful thing is the ability to set the size of labels based on a variable. So let's do this with the cities above so that larger cities have bigger labels. There are many ways to achieve this but I'll do it a fairly simple way. I'm using the <i>Data defined override</i> button beside the Text size option, as you can see below. Look at the expression I've used and you'll see how I modified the size of the labels this way, starting off initially with just Tokyo being in large font.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBmVgjVMuRIf2kcDCkIe9U2kvgkysfI5hK__KK4i4DP81L4T9kMa2lQTsOrdR869dPp7eMS8tZs97RnbK7VJ5dh1E55Zt_xw64G0hdng4bRD7fRzPFAGaWztJuR4MWv4LVd-VU0EIzrc_Qu8lTnOAdA8JZ_RJJmb5kdnVtLnN4femu9gMollQWxNlAhw/s1307/labels-12.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="961" data-original-width="1307" height="294" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBmVgjVMuRIf2kcDCkIe9U2kvgkysfI5hK__KK4i4DP81L4T9kMa2lQTsOrdR869dPp7eMS8tZs97RnbK7VJ5dh1E55Zt_xw64G0hdng4bRD7fRzPFAGaWztJuR4MWv4LVd-VU0EIzrc_Qu8lTnOAdA8JZ_RJJmb5kdnVtLnN4femu9gMollQWxNlAhw/w400-h294/labels-12.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Edit button (via the Size section) is how I change things</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdvUCZsUvQZ_BQFIDeveq-0QDxeGTF2m5dBf3j9gtim03-bp5SQrKBZCIRgJQ_KGF5Y_ddZHvbR7Nu-KmKBK85IK-3ctEZIQpZZB-evbNQh2VducoRa0WCRRbzmp0HcOxOrCgxAypQYHGLrFc6mh0JpcXjxhtqqeAdrsDdrqi2nNj8N7vL9HuHR5VX3A/s1919/labels-13.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1040" data-original-width="1919" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdvUCZsUvQZ_BQFIDeveq-0QDxeGTF2m5dBf3j9gtim03-bp5SQrKBZCIRgJQ_KGF5Y_ddZHvbR7Nu-KmKBK85IK-3ctEZIQpZZB-evbNQh2VducoRa0WCRRbzmp0HcOxOrCgxAypQYHGLrFc6mh0JpcXjxhtqqeAdrsDdrqi2nNj8N7vL9HuHR5VX3A/w400-h216/labels-13.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Note the format of this - e.g. CASE, WHEN, ELSE, END</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirvuzDNRwMZ5IzRo8sDOmO-1PVv717fB3fBa0Hxh2vHbdrAdNHDDy78cnkmDS1z4L185t7TgQqZwG-Bgb8B7gP2zh8AEdREQtnOPjnlJkaNU5NATdfqx_XFUiiKV5z1WvI1_XFazWIHS8OVfKLmJ6eR-Og8FcHLP97ZyJ3IFZHJlvEU_sfFAibDDG9JQ/s1920/labels-14.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1039" data-original-width="1920" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirvuzDNRwMZ5IzRo8sDOmO-1PVv717fB3fBa0Hxh2vHbdrAdNHDDy78cnkmDS1z4L185t7TgQqZwG-Bgb8B7gP2zh8AEdREQtnOPjnlJkaNU5NATdfqx_XFUiiKV5z1WvI1_XFazWIHS8OVfKLmJ6eR-Og8FcHLP97ZyJ3IFZHJlvEU_sfFAibDDG9JQ/w400-h216/labels-14.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Now I'm starting to get a more useful visual label hierarchy</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div>Now in the map below I've made the largest cities a different colour, using the same kind of approach - as you can see.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgj-xJMDP-4itcz7lAaMNbaDJXnHkLHP6Kh9yY353a_N_MQr1HPMCA2Vlm6cFlXT9dUikzaTSe_DVVxWXMd7XMrApoho7TmiPRBCuqS_mIe8LHO7InZgDwfFwBWkap6xfPDaywrNKY6hwvp8LNXZt-jpFEi-yv3XUq8ponax_QvAXOWrWumpxrplBHPSA/s1523/labels-15.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="703" data-original-width="1523" height="185" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgj-xJMDP-4itcz7lAaMNbaDJXnHkLHP6Kh9yY353a_N_MQr1HPMCA2Vlm6cFlXT9dUikzaTSe_DVVxWXMd7XMrApoho7TmiPRBCuqS_mIe8LHO7InZgDwfFwBWkap6xfPDaywrNKY6hwvp8LNXZt-jpFEi-yv3XUq8ponax_QvAXOWrWumpxrplBHPSA/w400-h185/labels-15.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">I'd normally use just a single colour, but you don't have to</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div>In the example below, I'm only using a label background on cities with more than 5 million people, using the same kind of approach.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSSS5y54MdkKlAN6zWJ9JpUOD4gttgQQQENM634hzfChlwzwk-xIDyRCq8toFwyKxogkMeLwMTi0fvQn40fOdBOezOl3Z2AzR7sz5gj7rHWf0YS7-nUSzq6g2qfsLem2iqrYDOkgWoYITq3sAdX1mNFoTpW7ij_0Sy_-PBpKLxgxaOBmRJZ9m9zUb-Cw/s1831/labels-16.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="948" data-original-width="1831" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSSS5y54MdkKlAN6zWJ9JpUOD4gttgQQQENM634hzfChlwzwk-xIDyRCq8toFwyKxogkMeLwMTi0fvQn40fOdBOezOl3Z2AzR7sz5gj7rHWf0YS7-nUSzq6g2qfsLem2iqrYDOkgWoYITq3sAdX1mNFoTpW7ij_0Sy_-PBpKLxgxaOBmRJZ9m9zUb-Cw/w400-h208/labels-16.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Note the 1 and 0 values here, where 1 = true</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div>And then in the final image below I've added a thin line around the label backgrounds, just to make it a little bit crisper on the screen.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixP52AYmjiJQhZxEnqT00SYW05g4DZCPQ3A5yM0JS3oOw6gJCsAlKJ5zajNXXwEJa92i3yH0rH1CWzr3Ji7FeaPgRpRWEkJ6PWvkBa3KPkLNL5cKfsGWfQh2v_2flomJwmLStI1ybMKFmXzTeis37v9pT_ujqejg46M8MXZvhwWrZdRqQ-6F4KmK0urA/s1452/labels-17.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="930" data-original-width="1452" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixP52AYmjiJQhZxEnqT00SYW05g4DZCPQ3A5yM0JS3oOw6gJCsAlKJ5zajNXXwEJa92i3yH0rH1CWzr3Ji7FeaPgRpRWEkJ6PWvkBa3KPkLNL5cKfsGWfQh2v_2flomJwmLStI1ybMKFmXzTeis37v9pT_ujqejg46M8MXZvhwWrZdRqQ-6F4KmK0urA/w400-h256/labels-17.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">This require a few clicks, as well as editing the Stroke style</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div>Here's the final version of this simple label map experiment, in high resolution. What I'd normally do beyond the labelling is also apply some kind of size hierarchy to the city symbols, and this can be done using exactly the same approach - i.e. edit the symbol size using the Data defined override and then setting it based on city populations or city names - or whatever variable you want.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjFuvf10YBAv0D2TRCcza9Jw4rMkP1zwc0SGeR53qFbhYnuiI3K_EFX6ZFDFC0pOlkgdNSA0DdnhkShees-I_xWsL2aLC1JYWDhTJT7pErKVGvpp-iPV0exFmCnb7JDDC-c4eLWyeA8TKoWevZrXNDvlyCg8pk4R3zLyMFuS1E9R5w-ydBm4QeIkqBoA/s4656/labels-18png.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2578" data-original-width="4656" height="221" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjFuvf10YBAv0D2TRCcza9Jw4rMkP1zwc0SGeR53qFbhYnuiI3K_EFX6ZFDFC0pOlkgdNSA0DdnhkShees-I_xWsL2aLC1JYWDhTJT7pErKVGvpp-iPV0exFmCnb7JDDC-c4eLWyeA8TKoWevZrXNDvlyCg8pk4R3zLyMFuS1E9R5w-ydBm4QeIkqBoA/w400-h221/labels-18png.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Hopefully this has been useful for you</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><div>That's all for today, but if you're new to it and need some help, feel free to get in touch.</div>Alasdair Raehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12959449302596057979noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6894643731791231365.post-67809345856492081842022-05-30T13:23:00.000-07:002022-05-30T13:23:43.557-07:00Let's play Urble!<p>Today I'm letting <a href="https://automaticknowledge.org/urble/" target="_blank">Urble</a> out into the wild. It's a little geography game in which a new city (displayed as a small square) appears every 5 seconds until there are 10 dots on screen (example below). <b>The aim of Urble is to guess the country before the country shape appears</b> <b>- 50 seconds into the video</b>. You can pause the video after the 10th dot (at 45 seconds) if you need more time. If you turn the sound on, you'll notice that when the 10th city is added it makes a different sound. I'm releasing this in video format, just for fun, so people can play it how they want to, and share them across platforms - I have lots of them! Some you might find easy, others no so much. As you might be able to tell, Wordle is part of the inspiration here, hence the colours. You'll see more on <a href="https://twitter.com/undertheraedar" target="_blank">my Twitter</a>, where I'll post each Urble using the hashtag #urble. I may give clues for some of the more difficult Urbles.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxKjavlr-tTngjrxhdGCffQhKj_IDK73jx09KDClskY4PoUG8N178x4CfWAZeqrODkqBxd3mviDbs6MwZAE_jkuD446HyhTbTXkJEzlwPREhNBOBLrGrBm9ZIDlPeDNEt_MCK8xxvEHbDyiPbgZJXPPLqG7hcuvTo1Oe6Ui-Ab0bhKXoKbvHSEAr7l6g/s3543/urble-info.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3543" data-original-width="3543" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxKjavlr-tTngjrxhdGCffQhKj_IDK73jx09KDClskY4PoUG8N178x4CfWAZeqrODkqBxd3mviDbs6MwZAE_jkuD446HyhTbTXkJEzlwPREhNBOBLrGrBm9ZIDlPeDNEt_MCK8xxvEHbDyiPbgZJXPPLqG7hcuvTo1Oe6Ui-Ab0bhKXoKbvHSEAr7l6g/w400-h400/urble-info.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Are <i>you</i> a map genius?</td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw9WvLBm2PXSA9w0rdrB6RuZ3o1_YHR60BqKqYilqmr1g5SJ_KRoT4otmUMCmSalfOL_8qfszhneDqwTnrWumjI_q9T_QTMpDfwkqTCCy9a_021PnCbcOLxIygdkvTloXJ-YEYZyKNUD678h-dqmxp9JXiJ1_SIf5wKTW2e0k0pRtNqbAZNu1SUQ0Sbw/s3543/012.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3543" data-original-width="3543" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw9WvLBm2PXSA9w0rdrB6RuZ3o1_YHR60BqKqYilqmr1g5SJ_KRoT4otmUMCmSalfOL_8qfszhneDqwTnrWumjI_q9T_QTMpDfwkqTCCy9a_021PnCbcOLxIygdkvTloXJ-YEYZyKNUD678h-dqmxp9JXiJ1_SIf5wKTW2e0k0pRtNqbAZNu1SUQ0Sbw/w400-h400/012.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">This is what the end of an Urble looks like</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>As well as posting these on my Twitter (<a href="https://twitter.com/undertheraedar" target="_blank">@undertheraedar</a>) I'll also put each one in <a href="https://automaticknowledge.org/urble/" target="_blank">The Urble Archive</a> too. Each Urble is numbered, so it's easier to keep track of them, and of course I won't keep you guessing forever - <b>the answer is always revealed 5 seconds before the end of each video</b>. They're all 60 seconds long, so you can get on with the rest of your day, or pause the Urble on 10 dots until you figure it out.</p><p>Here's Urble 1 - always best viewed with sound on (there's no music, just a few sound effects). There's also a gif version of each Urble, which I will also post in the archive - you'll always find <a href="https://automaticknowledge.org/urble/" target="_blank">the original, high-quality Urbles</a> there. Can you guess which country this first one is?</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dxlEcscGN2j3D8uGczr_AICujzwOiFAYyFYav3Cxawrvg_RTpspYM4IkDUkhWMKfkzhKmEVnYFvMZUFqxZm7A' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><div><br /></div>You can see the full size, high-resolution video on <a href="https://automaticknowledge.org/urble/" target="_blank">The Urble Archive</a>, where I'll put all Urbles after I share them on Twitter.<br /><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Urble - why?</h3><p>Well, I make maps and look at geographic data a lot, and I'd always thought about doing some kind of fun game in a more formalised way. From time to time I've posted geography guessing games on <a href="https://twitter.com/undertheraedar" target="_blank">my Twitter</a> but until recently hadn't ever made something like Urble - but now I have. I've been playing this at home so far with my two sons and my wife, and since they like it I'm releasing it into the world now. In fact, my 9 year old son Isaac actually made a few of them himself, with me at his side giving instructions as he put them together in QGIS and Camtasia.</p><p>I've said more about Urble in the <a href="https://automaticknowledge.org/urble/about-urble.txt" target="_blank">About</a> file on <a href="https://automaticknowledge.org/urble/" target="_blank">The Urble Archive</a> page. If you have a question, it may be answered below. Otherwise, check the About file.</p><p>The answer to the main 'why?' question here is that it's for fun, but also hopefully educational.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: left;">Questions you may have about Urble</h3><div><i>What tools did you use to make Urble? </i>I used QGIS for all the map stuff and Camtasia to create the mp4 and gif files. If you want to learn how to use QGIS, check out my <a href="https://www.udemy.com/mapacademy" target="_blank">Map Academy</a> course on Udemy.</div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>Surely you'll run out of countries pretty quickly?</i> Well, this is sort of true but I can easily re-use countries by selecting a different configuration of cities, in a different order. Watch out for this as new Urbles are released. Maybe I'll repeat countries. Be mindful of this.</div><div><br /></div><div><i>What about a country with more than one official capital?</i> Good question. There aren't many of these, but where I do have an Urble for a country with more than one capital, I will only show one of them and it will still be the third city to appear, always as a green square. I will not show other capitals in the same Urble.</div><div><br /></div><div><i>How do you decide which cities to show? </i>The capital city is always included, as well as nine other cities that are - usually - among the top 30 by population in a country. In general, I try to make sure the cities give some hint to the shape of the country, but at times you'll need to wait until the 8th or 9th city to see it. Occasionally I add in other cities that help me show the shape of a country, even if they are smaller settlements. But this is the exception.</div><div><br /></div><div><i>Why don't you add the city names at the end?</i> Because part of Urble is guessing the cities as well as the countries. At the end you can try to figure it out, if you want to. I also want Urble to be as accessible as possible for an international audience, and adding more text (using place names written in English) wouldn't help with that. </div><div><br /></div><div><i>How do I win?</i> <u><b>I consider a true 'win' to be any Urble where you figure out what the country is <i>before </i>the country shape appears</b></u> - i.e. before 50 seconds are up. But if you get it after pausing the video before the country shape appears, you can still count yourself a winner. In fact, if you don't get the country at all but you learn something new, then maybe you can count that as a kind of win as well. If you get the country before the <i>capital </i>appears, you are a true genius. If you get it before the fifth city appears, I salute you!</div><div><br /></div><div><i>Can I steal Urble?</i> Please don't, but I don't mind if people share Urbles, with a link back to my <a href="https://twitter.com/undertheraedar" target="_blank">Twitter,</a> <a href="https://automaticknowledge.org/urble/" target="_blank">The Urble Archive</a>, or this page. </div><div><br /></div><div><i>Why didn't you make this into a website? </i>I was going to, but in the end I decided it would be too much bother and actually I like the video-only approach as it's easier to share across different platforms and I don't have to mess around with code that I barely understand. I quite like the fact that you have 60 seconds to guess and also that you can just pause if you need more time.</div><div><br /></div><div><i>Surely some countries will be impossible to guess?</i> Well, I suppose that all depends where you're from and what you know. But even so, it is undoubtedly true that some countries are much more well known than others by the majority of people. But I see this as part of the fun - as an Urble unfolds, your brain is working overtime trying to figure out the country shape, country size, configuration of cities, possible patterns (e.g. coastal? river? borders?) and you're against the clock. If you're from Mongolia then you'll probably find it easy to guess Mongolia, but if you know nothing about Mongolia then you'll find it very difficult! But that's okay because if you do an Urble for Mongolia you'll learn something new.</div><div><br /></div><div><i>Hasn't someone done this before? </i>I wouldn't be surprised but when I went looking I couldn't find anything that looked like Urble. Lots of map quizzes and geography games online, but I didn't see anything Urble-esque. Obviously we have things like <a href="https://worldle.teuteuf.fr/" target="_blank">Worldle</a> but that's a different kind of geography game where you guess the country from one big shape. This is something I thought about back in January 2022 when I made <a href="https://twitter.com/undertheraedar/status/1480282419068612610?s=20&t=Nmyuiudg4JwwUclmcWx60Q" target="_blank">a few silly maps</a> for Twitter (one of which is shown below).</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEin9p3e-U3nNYZSS7kyYmMxLOCMPgsEzap4Us9DKRoEvBFdId2YQkrkZTFyrs6Nu2SmGKsWfd6gaGljBs9IRMOqCq78n75oLmXQ8tBnoXpOKd49WmZOHozmk7Iz5bhqEm7wRZiLJQFqFGyXsEogaYmxyTqSco82zMWh9Zq8WkAP2tV9qHqXtog9-wPjlA/s1482/FIsD8E3XsAIXW3U.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="734" data-original-width="1482" height="198" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEin9p3e-U3nNYZSS7kyYmMxLOCMPgsEzap4Us9DKRoEvBFdId2YQkrkZTFyrs6Nu2SmGKsWfd6gaGljBs9IRMOqCq78n75oLmXQ8tBnoXpOKd49WmZOHozmk7Iz5bhqEm7wRZiLJQFqFGyXsEogaYmxyTqSco82zMWh9Zq8WkAP2tV9qHqXtog9-wPjlA/w400-h198/FIsD8E3XsAIXW3U.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">This is not Urble</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><div>Happy Urbling!</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>Alasdair Raehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12959449302596057979noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6894643731791231365.post-65783984088301763462022-05-21T04:41:00.006-07:002022-05-21T04:45:51.372-07:00English Green Belt Atlas, v5<p>Where is the green belt? Where are the green belts? How much of my area is green belt land? These are excellent questions, but it's not always super easy to find the answer, and that's why I originally began investigating this topic <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2012/aug/20/green-belt-mapping" target="_blank">back in 2012</a>. This then eventually led to me producing <a href="http://www.statsmapsnpix.com/2018/07/green-belt-atlas-version-4.html" target="_blank">maps</a> for each English local authority that had green belt land in it, thanks to an idea suggested to me by geo legend <a href="https://twitter.com/DrBobBarr" target="_blank">Prof Bob Barr</a>. Since I last did this in 2018 the number of local authorities in England has changed and there is a more recent green belt dataset, so I'm returning now with version 5 of my English Green Belt Atlas. <b>Currently, 12.4% of land in England is designated as green belt</b>, across 180 local authorities, but it varies a lot between places, as you can see below. I have made <a href="https://automaticknowledge.org/greenbeltatlas/" target="_blank">one map for each of the 180 areas</a>, listed alphabetically (they are really high resolution images). How big is 12.4% of England? It's 16,140 square kilometres or 6,232 square miles. This is just a little bigger than the South East region or Yorkshire and the Humber, and about 80% the size of Wales, just to give a sense of scale. From 2020 to 2021 there was a <a href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1020886/Green_Belt_statistics_for_England_2020-21_-_Factsheet.pdf" target="_blank">0.1% decrease</a> in the amount of green belt land.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidcZuDN_MaUmFrf7VcGv1t8NQhR6bQYKM7pjny_IqdtALWCa5bNK_K3pOr5grghA1svVBS39HLge1j0xZQ_Y0myjq90sJP_Yqu10FQU67CyuBqJ_giiCLquUyuwzGcUYggkiyoP9mpCk0b-QjVQNz_MgTeEIwFO_AdaoynsgEyTON24P4ozTZLuta-sQ/s4251/Basildon.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3543" data-original-width="4251" height="334" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidcZuDN_MaUmFrf7VcGv1t8NQhR6bQYKM7pjny_IqdtALWCa5bNK_K3pOr5grghA1svVBS39HLge1j0xZQ_Y0myjq90sJP_Yqu10FQU67CyuBqJ_giiCLquUyuwzGcUYggkiyoP9mpCk0b-QjVQNz_MgTeEIwFO_AdaoynsgEyTON24P4ozTZLuta-sQ/w400-h334/Basildon.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">I did my best with the labelling</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTwkxtgudEnVBWqL7aaqc3nPp43mR6Mqf54RW9-LHWVr6XJmE8ibO4IkSQT4CyAMwkIT5groHiSP-S7i9r7EA0VlUqh0OCDA-4hDd9VSgu01igBxGFKxCvELAhz8-pasK3Bh-NVsRri1zwo8KBiOr654h9ZPjd1VbIn5LFuc1OlnnfMt78EsdHvuRAuw/s4251/Croydon.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3543" data-original-width="4251" height="334" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTwkxtgudEnVBWqL7aaqc3nPp43mR6Mqf54RW9-LHWVr6XJmE8ibO4IkSQT4CyAMwkIT5groHiSP-S7i9r7EA0VlUqh0OCDA-4hDd9VSgu01igBxGFKxCvELAhz8-pasK3Bh-NVsRri1zwo8KBiOr654h9ZPjd1VbIn5LFuc1OlnnfMt78EsdHvuRAuw/w400-h334/Croydon.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">I've tried to keep the maps fairly simple</td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ1oJg5LADj4hys-5ASTcWCNXTekNs7_4tWl4SES6qHVvC5ovbRHhSRQgxhDc6pHUUO8K14kBs462xBhf2S0oHw9kX-7dxB6Lf7EvdZXit8TWUjiyDAZqYae3ggz8GdGrygmWMuZlXlXTBz8Bch3nMpFM8nKAY0pPA7EGBe-G-PC8chb0JoytLHwnvXA/s4251/Doncaster.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3543" data-original-width="4251" height="334" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ1oJg5LADj4hys-5ASTcWCNXTekNs7_4tWl4SES6qHVvC5ovbRHhSRQgxhDc6pHUUO8K14kBs462xBhf2S0oHw9kX-7dxB6Lf7EvdZXit8TWUjiyDAZqYae3ggz8GdGrygmWMuZlXlXTBz8Bch3nMpFM8nKAY0pPA7EGBe-G-PC8chb0JoytLHwnvXA/w400-h334/Doncaster.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">An example of a very split local authority area (rail line)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjw3GED7LdmWXNPs_hPMUAQmiQz3gxPhy9mSFM0Vk8sKbmfp417-R1mOGFtqQIqOREKWPzmLJG9ErvBMEBFMRy-caJ1K4PG2RJdSn8-8m-HNdpo4GZ3pLF6NtnCo_DDbRIBO9oTOh5h7dZBazOC8gyI0btGdTU30h7GwMwpMumFPrVruWPfJ66LcGIQ8Q/s4251/Tandridge.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3543" data-original-width="4251" height="334" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjw3GED7LdmWXNPs_hPMUAQmiQz3gxPhy9mSFM0Vk8sKbmfp417-R1mOGFtqQIqOREKWPzmLJG9ErvBMEBFMRy-caJ1K4PG2RJdSn8-8m-HNdpo4GZ3pLF6NtnCo_DDbRIBO9oTOh5h7dZBazOC8gyI0btGdTU30h7GwMwpMumFPrVruWPfJ66LcGIQ8Q/w400-h334/Tandridge.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">This area has the highest % green belt land in England</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhY_T7HscqiQq3vfcH_8hnzqwtJ8QNT2KYjMB38uWdTdqcHFfc8F6CjRDpWDITL2xlPQSupLqQn2aDQJFlWHbBuu_Jq0xGKMIlVA6P9nLVRYNQ9YYyG5JNabUUSWDGju2zPT2jwtOLvJqjjiTxq49W0iDsVNXlRD8_KuT71ZjsBLoZaXMK-bkH1bq_t9w/s4251/Greenwich.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3543" data-original-width="4251" height="334" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhY_T7HscqiQq3vfcH_8hnzqwtJ8QNT2KYjMB38uWdTdqcHFfc8F6CjRDpWDITL2xlPQSupLqQn2aDQJFlWHbBuu_Jq0xGKMIlVA6P9nLVRYNQ9YYyG5JNabUUSWDGju2zPT2jwtOLvJqjjiTxq49W0iDsVNXlRD8_KuT71ZjsBLoZaXMK-bkH1bq_t9w/w400-h334/Greenwich.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Not an awful lot of green belt land here</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br />Okay, so you get the idea with the maps - I've shown rail lines (dark), railways stations (little circle dots), places (square dots, different sizes), major roads (orange), buildings (dark), water, green space (light blue) and green belt land in a darker green. The little dot in the bottom right inset map shows you where a local authority is, just in case any are not familiar. I've automated the labelling but it's not 100% perfect, but I can't spend any more time on it. Want to use one of these maps, or all of them? Be my guest.<div><br /></div><div>Here's a few more that I found interesting. You can find the full set, listed alphabetically, <a href="https://automaticknowledge.org/greenbeltatlas/" target="_blank">right here</a>.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicO95PIwZx-Le6Ml1QJxGZPyTboon7bziQSRmqpdmog3Vc9VUdEDEN2LQzQBN9ahI2sNcPJBDWXsUqFxx4VndFuVMrrShUSEU5zIe9RD_mu3OvVxSMf-7tuwZp4URMcOpkfstSVu_MDTBFPOYqWBFjIbLmhTcHowdadQKns7vgt0QrtyzSJqltS5wmZw/s4251/Barnet.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3543" data-original-width="4251" height="334" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicO95PIwZx-Le6Ml1QJxGZPyTboon7bziQSRmqpdmog3Vc9VUdEDEN2LQzQBN9ahI2sNcPJBDWXsUqFxx4VndFuVMrrShUSEU5zIe9RD_mu3OvVxSMf-7tuwZp4URMcOpkfstSVu_MDTBFPOYqWBFjIbLmhTcHowdadQKns7vgt0QrtyzSJqltS5wmZw/w400-h334/Barnet.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFT2P7sOWcPFR2tI2Tb2Gym8yMjhH_EKUVYoODefxHENrdX7-lUaj5cn_vaN3XX4ryRk22MsKNwgEHgTLWnt1GWyTiz-tz3mTfVzDQjUpghZpirK620ArWvAFyYXeME2jktEDUEbTQzoXV1R2qg5P37VjVvUtomuT1Lblg-JMp_hMpUmxACbqEb09KlA/s4251/Bath_and_North_East_Somerset.png" style="margin-left: 1em; 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margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3543" data-original-width="4251" height="334" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9jhQbydVCCe4MlCsFoFdwo4t3Wfm2Ze3dBiztVZScbNs-0VDPnAzbRKSnFL_vqHtOMl9ZpTKB911xrOMU9Al0jsnqb4OxzUtcAt9Gp20IyndTQfVXm9o-QvmVPnV8zEpSUJFgKCf1HoLnAVNXsK_RZcEGCMu6UOODWE7kPFDssfyjQBBEswX3pFM6bA/w400-h334/Wigan.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsgq8yNo9mNWYBvweOjTTCCk5_LkjElljGbU6jJqhS0UbqyhrmLXURsns2D8SogW57XPxe0nhHeLk-FcNjNIfXgerM2G1z8LRSq5wKNiOW9bh-3ObQ_ugmKXW0cpLLwAc30e0-RhmRYjbVOCYZO9Sr3PAwmTdU0T3Wg3cLN-ckn2XGKgkSja15K_jSRQ/s4251/York.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3543" data-original-width="4251" height="334" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsgq8yNo9mNWYBvweOjTTCCk5_LkjElljGbU6jJqhS0UbqyhrmLXURsns2D8SogW57XPxe0nhHeLk-FcNjNIfXgerM2G1z8LRSq5wKNiOW9bh-3ObQ_ugmKXW0cpLLwAc30e0-RhmRYjbVOCYZO9Sr3PAwmTdU0T3Wg3cLN-ckn2XGKgkSja15K_jSRQ/w400-h334/York.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div><div><br /></div></div>Alasdair Raehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12959449302596057979noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6894643731791231365.post-31991848952887586762022-05-15T09:30:00.018-07:002022-05-15T14:11:06.291-07:00The Geography of REF2021<p>Over the past few decades, UK universities and other higher education institutions have been subject to an assessment of their research quality through something called the Research Assessment Exercise (RAE) and more recently the Research Excellence Framework (REF). When I got an academic job at the University of Sheffield in 2008, it was probably because my last name is Rae and the year was 2008 and they thought I'd be good for their RAE2008 profile. Anyway, I left my academic job a couple of years ago and now run my own <a href="https://automaticknowledge.co.uk/" target="_blank">spatial data and training company</a> but I did have one eye on the <a href="https://www.ref.ac.uk/" target="_blank">REF2021 results</a> because some of my work was in it (papers, plus an impact case study). </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieumokyKpJTNpZkYWqPph3bYKP99NKugsXw1O4vA_5Pex6M-DQZbfPpnOypvX-DQ3nDl4ynKSP3XNhbq43IHOa7vWOkyrPOJ9VOj_ueL0IBjoKPRKDBy8uu6tLTtOW1Ex9zaYJmY-DUbTuf-qmzhgy6EfTRI7bYMWnuyLJ2NCRtGxFJzrZ4SnkpksdHw/s2457/LAD-extract.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="928" data-original-width="2457" height="151" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieumokyKpJTNpZkYWqPph3bYKP99NKugsXw1O4vA_5Pex6M-DQZbfPpnOypvX-DQ3nDl4ynKSP3XNhbq43IHOa7vWOkyrPOJ9VOj_ueL0IBjoKPRKDBy8uu6tLTtOW1Ex9zaYJmY-DUbTuf-qmzhgy6EfTRI7bYMWnuyLJ2NCRtGxFJzrZ4SnkpksdHw/w400-h151/LAD-extract.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">A lot can and has been said about REF, good and bad (okay, mostly bad), but here I'm taking a brief look at the geography of the results, by the 34 units of assessment (UoA). Here's what you'll find below.</div><p></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Maps showing the basic geography of each UoA.</li><li>Maps showing where the top ranked institutions in each UoA are.</li><li>The number of REF institutions by local authority (that's the preview image above).</li></ol><div>But before we get going, here's the general overview showing the size of each institution's REF2021 submission in terms of staff numbers (and remember that in most cases the total % of academic staff submitted is less than the total number working at any individual university).</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3TjDcZcZjrrrO4hNVQdb2KxYf4nimxITLwHuK0nEVdkySy1tMCKoeaBFPqq2_IkRjI5ShgBul4zgSvBt5RwM-iddQc_Sxf4ATeYRpVsGoa0qwGBRfHa2C_RAxVQ6efEBp0qjjweD8u4GkZp2MMkWUha1y_eL-invnLJ-0VDtjFGrzWVR40qGUTS1Zxw/s3507/fte-size.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3507" data-original-width="2480" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3TjDcZcZjrrrO4hNVQdb2KxYf4nimxITLwHuK0nEVdkySy1tMCKoeaBFPqq2_IkRjI5ShgBul4zgSvBt5RwM-iddQc_Sxf4ATeYRpVsGoa0qwGBRfHa2C_RAxVQ6efEBp0qjjweD8u4GkZp2MMkWUha1y_eL-invnLJ-0VDtjFGrzWVR40qGUTS1Zxw/w283-h400/fte-size.png" width="283" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lots of big blobs here</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><div>As always, click on an image to see it full size and if you want to use any of these images, just go ahead, no need to get in touch. I've added a few technical notes at the very bottom of the post. Now, click a map, then flick through the images - there are lots of them.</div><div><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b>The basic geography of REF2021</b></h3><div><b><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMEJOKGxVG5rQyFTo-sAouFAupH4KEuZJhSW_8hyxtYIFV0VDCm2PBizmRkFfX4f6Abma5NZrD75EnmAGZnk1ucygdBleHQ8dP-m_deC-B7xbR90TC1m9HqVAkIC20k_P-yFsG9lg8BvgPDapVrokKfs42ARjJIXtVVyf7FZhbEXmXq-zYc93BvRT25w/s3507/output_1.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3507" data-original-width="2480" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMEJOKGxVG5rQyFTo-sAouFAupH4KEuZJhSW_8hyxtYIFV0VDCm2PBizmRkFfX4f6Abma5NZrD75EnmAGZnk1ucygdBleHQ8dP-m_deC-B7xbR90TC1m9HqVAkIC20k_P-yFsG9lg8BvgPDapVrokKfs42ARjJIXtVVyf7FZhbEXmXq-zYc93BvRT25w/s320/output_1.png" width="226" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; 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text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRYyh1Jy-xmLZt7EExSMNyL3XXhd4w4dJhdbnRhrsHZJWV6ljtaiE4v9Aqy3C_Bj1DXkDAJEKSQPbmaxOZvMJ05BEcQd7gWwD2RZ3Pu8zV-Y_s5g4fETMdfzrWYegXYhDAeoa__FTjCUOnxr1VrYSBs2cg5M1cgFYFsKLUX2VSEf1f5ezCyR_xFdg2yQ/s3507/output_34.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3507" data-original-width="2480" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRYyh1Jy-xmLZt7EExSMNyL3XXhd4w4dJhdbnRhrsHZJWV6ljtaiE4v9Aqy3C_Bj1DXkDAJEKSQPbmaxOZvMJ05BEcQd7gWwD2RZ3Pu8zV-Y_s5g4fETMdfzrWYegXYhDAeoa__FTjCUOnxr1VrYSBs2cg5M1cgFYFsKLUX2VSEf1f5ezCyR_xFdg2yQ/s320/output_34.png" width="226" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: left;">Institutions by local authority</h3><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnT3NgICxEK3LiYUSb3xMcbH8gffaGnN2KlguxuW5ChruARqMg3nsxQ4KamT76FBcaCx11ulJtrX_l9hduV30qxQuyRZvJwjfEhbfkq7ImYNQtIcolqcs01wiGb2njVHHF89_htaJNxQaUHwY5TFgFJnpzUpW1Cmi8rBHWfFUhBqamcZ_wF8MR79h3gA/s3507/REF2021-LAD.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3507" data-original-width="2480" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnT3NgICxEK3LiYUSb3xMcbH8gffaGnN2KlguxuW5ChruARqMg3nsxQ4KamT76FBcaCx11ulJtrX_l9hduV30qxQuyRZvJwjfEhbfkq7ImYNQtIcolqcs01wiGb2njVHHF89_htaJNxQaUHwY5TFgFJnpzUpW1Cmi8rBHWfFUhBqamcZ_wF8MR79h3gA/w283-h400/REF2021-LAD.png" width="283" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">I was just curious about this</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKxZuJaCtm-RemfG1VOhkFFANz2J_dJsvRfPIlrgdApqp057giQQbXU6e6rZrLPwjOXaDM8cIqtnFaPu75BghfkMmK_hefH9T-Tk7WLBTLgeRtnMyzg8-ZUjpYHT0DEztOePuBMc5nTNde2yr-iISBjuBi2XaE4WeXeTLN6gN4O78rS3TcLIxz3chyAw/s3507/REF2021-LAD-LONDON.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3507" data-original-width="2480" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKxZuJaCtm-RemfG1VOhkFFANz2J_dJsvRfPIlrgdApqp057giQQbXU6e6rZrLPwjOXaDM8cIqtnFaPu75BghfkMmK_hefH9T-Tk7WLBTLgeRtnMyzg8-ZUjpYHT0DEztOePuBMc5nTNde2yr-iISBjuBi2XaE4WeXeTLN6gN4O78rS3TcLIxz3chyAw/w283-h400/REF2021-LAD-LONDON.png" width="283" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">I didn't quite realise how many there were here</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div><b>Notes: </b>the source for this is the official spreadsheet published on the <a href="https://results2021.ref.ac.uk/" target="_blank">REF2021 results page</a> on 12 May 2022. For most institutions (mainly Universities of course, but some are not - e.g. The Institute of Zoology, The Royal Academy of Music) the location is fairly clear-cut but bear in mind that some institutions can be spread out over different locations, sometimes far apart - as in the case of the University of the Highlands and Islands with the HQ in Inverness but colleges spread throughout the region. What does 4* mean, anyway? Good question. Here, it just means that the REF panel decided that's what it was, so that's what is on the map. Sometimes the number of institutions or UoAs you see on a map may not exactly match what you may find in your own calculations, depending upon how you do them - this would be due to joint submissions from multiple institutions. Spotted an error? Feel free to let me know. Hate REF? I understand.</div><p></p>Alasdair Raehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12959449302596057979noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6894643731791231365.post-73156945160293358732022-04-24T07:19:00.008-07:002022-04-25T08:25:55.933-07:00How to import a Wikipedia table directly into Excel or Google Sheets in only a few seconds<p>A slightly different kind of tutorial today in that it involves no <a href="https://www.udemy.com/mapacademy" target="_blank">maps</a> and instead is about how to get a data table from Wikipedia - or other websites - into Excel or Google sheets without any pain at all, and without messy copying and pasting. First I'll do this for Excel and then for Google Sheets. I'm going to be doing it with a table from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Snooker_Championship_winners" target="_blank">List of World Snooker Championship winners</a> Wikipedia page, as of 23 April 2022, so the screenshots below reflect that but regardless of which table you choose, the method is the same. Note that there are multiple tables on the Wikipedia page I am using, just to demonstrate that even if this is the case you can still import the table you want to, quickly and simply. I am doing this from Wikipedia, but of course it should work equally well for any similarly formatted table on the web.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3xoFzEXcux1dPMzz6jAfYVpnEJpRrr-jmHUS9GFf6P4vpZEAznJnUNVASXihR5_3X5-Z2SuQkkWZx8KdKUgDAhX7o6bLGHdiBERwBLuCjMvLiJDRa7vIOD5A7I1VJvzQMdbtLcpZ65xD1zHIqVUyKnhC9BpxTdr9qs0GUU1thbhDPbvq2H2uyMCFAKw/s1260/data.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="844" data-original-width="1260" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3xoFzEXcux1dPMzz6jAfYVpnEJpRrr-jmHUS9GFf6P4vpZEAznJnUNVASXihR5_3X5-Z2SuQkkWZx8KdKUgDAhX7o6bLGHdiBERwBLuCjMvLiJDRa7vIOD5A7I1VJvzQMdbtLcpZ65xD1zHIqVUyKnhC9BpxTdr9qs0GUU1thbhDPbvq2H2uyMCFAKw/w400-h268/data.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Messy copy/paste? No way!</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p><br /></p><h2 style="text-align: left;">Import a Wikipedia table directly into Excel </h2><p>I'm using Excel 2019 here but this should work on other recent versions too. So, the basic steps are as follows (screenshots are from Excel on Windows).</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Copy the url of the Wikipedia page that your table is on - in my case its https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Snooker_Championship_winners</li></ul><div><br /></div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>From an empty sheet in Excel, go to the Data tab, then Get Data on the far left, then From Other Sources, then From Web (as in screenshot below).</li></ul><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjErSmgud61FUOPxQABIq88P-C2YhDDFNiXaI-zpZ73FRqIZXZ5B4SICnbGZnArV3g7oQY4ZUnUPMdir7nQgyQ96E2gdDKEKVaSzm3eFKgxdiDBQwRI54fGIs65xmZ_DO_71mjHP10JbfyIIS6ZxyDqFx6hVuIxpdSDODKLSrgDqL4wwuJZEIsZsuNSYA/s655/excel1.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="455" data-original-width="655" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjErSmgud61FUOPxQABIq88P-C2YhDDFNiXaI-zpZ73FRqIZXZ5B4SICnbGZnArV3g7oQY4ZUnUPMdir7nQgyQ96E2gdDKEKVaSzm3eFKgxdiDBQwRI54fGIs65xmZ_DO_71mjHP10JbfyIIS6ZxyDqFx6hVuIxpdSDODKLSrgDqL4wwuJZEIsZsuNSYA/w400-h278/excel1.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Well, this is useful</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Then you can just paste your URL into the From Web box - here I'm doing it the basic way but there are more advanced options available. Once I've pasted in the URL, I just hit OK, Excel has a little think and then opens up a new Navigator window, shown below.</li></ul><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_MKEjFro6yrrAbY2Yc8ihHM8QbShQVd70D1ftioafBl96A41JP7WAjSbb_ARP8nIedYnDIef-OV1EriArhiR8ft_SCO9Ig77cIiyFLZDKcYjxEGVp1k0MkYnCAsfbslmbiwOrSbO64VjImcJBUrOy0T61FEdGarmFGlLPeULQkbGhvleo__PCezrj4A/s880/excel2.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="700" data-original-width="880" height="319" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_MKEjFro6yrrAbY2Yc8ihHM8QbShQVd70D1ftioafBl96A41JP7WAjSbb_ARP8nIedYnDIef-OV1EriArhiR8ft_SCO9Ig77cIiyFLZDKcYjxEGVp1k0MkYnCAsfbslmbiwOrSbO64VjImcJBUrOy0T61FEdGarmFGlLPeULQkbGhvleo__PCezrj4A/w400-h319/excel2.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Excel lists the various tables at that URL we pasted</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>In the Navigator window (screenshot above) you'll see a list of tables on the left if there are more than one - as in my example. Since I know I want the List of World Snooker Championship winners table, I click on that and then I see a preview of the same data that's on the Wikipedia page, as shown below. Hurray!</li></ul><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhifKI1fMLWwWVBIz3c_sDUCtDpXLmoq9av8OW6V_jv4U9Pu7f2OGzu81j2rwmmGj1Q0NHKUWNArIpz41zDlCKVe2tuCn_E5gj0D3ZZYOmAyhVMfw28fDFzK1SJ8XnCrRmgW-gCFYv94srrjPBoHw3sc5nw9gLNPCMOvE_9qSuVva0-6Nc07__f-AWGaw/s880/excel3.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="700" data-original-width="880" height="319" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhifKI1fMLWwWVBIz3c_sDUCtDpXLmoq9av8OW6V_jv4U9Pu7f2OGzu81j2rwmmGj1Q0NHKUWNArIpz41zDlCKVe2tuCn_E5gj0D3ZZYOmAyhVMfw28fDFzK1SJ8XnCrRmgW-gCFYv94srrjPBoHw3sc5nw9gLNPCMOvE_9qSuVva0-6Nc07__f-AWGaw/w400-h319/excel3.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Almost there</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Then I click on the Load button and, well, would you believe it!? I see the data from the Wikipedia table in Excel now (formatted in green/white with column filters on, but that's not a problem). You will probably also see the Queries & Connections panel open on the right of Excel here, but that's also not a problem - you can close that if you want to.</li></ul><div><br /></div></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqGJPj6ijbfXbXyq0eZ8Ssx1fuFV1oXAiDZmSH5A40nxaeD5pllhL7lMOf_whNwrQXWfP-27AJKrke-um-o0MoNK5gugQLSv2cf9xk7Ma3dkO8OIzGcSUTs_euHEgtvyRhjzPiMYEclQZ7mOQ6XL04hXzrk3AL9vy4mvPvhCclmYXb6y9dwoWTN-cP4g/s1286/excel4.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="963" data-original-width="1286" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqGJPj6ijbfXbXyq0eZ8Ssx1fuFV1oXAiDZmSH5A40nxaeD5pllhL7lMOf_whNwrQXWfP-27AJKrke-um-o0MoNK5gugQLSv2cf9xk7Ma3dkO8OIzGcSUTs_euHEgtvyRhjzPiMYEclQZ7mOQ6XL04hXzrk3AL9vy4mvPvhCclmYXb6y9dwoWTN-cP4g/w400-h300/excel4.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Wikipedia table is now in Excel :)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><i>What next? </i>Well, it depends what you need to do with it, but if you just want a clean, text-only dataset then you just remove all the formatting and save it as an xlsx or csv file and that's that. An easy way to remove all formatting is just to select all the text in the sheet (using CTRL+A) and then via the Home tab use the Clear tool to clear the formatting (screenshot below). If you want to <i>also </i>turn off the filters, then select one of the column header cells (e.g. Venue in my case) and then hit the Sort & Filter button in the Editing section in the Home tab (same section as the Clear button is in) and then hit the Filter button to turn the filters off. Save the file and then smile.</li></ul><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6h31sp0MBGGxlmNmWylvQWFf4o_zurgvQahMxQovusB69OyaTFlxzLZ-4K7T2GxMeZHk3he4A7jP9t7XLlE_avQwhhcumYeIO8sJ5HrYzCjAFiSL3w494EQAR_4FPPAEcEXMwvTt_ekjuQw8tbcEtZEnd1FiBRlbNku7Hg5os7e90cREuJyPMhutWhQ/s795/excel5.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="795" height="241" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6h31sp0MBGGxlmNmWylvQWFf4o_zurgvQahMxQovusB69OyaTFlxzLZ-4K7T2GxMeZHk3he4A7jP9t7XLlE_avQwhhcumYeIO8sJ5HrYzCjAFiSL3w494EQAR_4FPPAEcEXMwvTt_ekjuQw8tbcEtZEnd1FiBRlbNku7Hg5os7e90cREuJyPMhutWhQ/w400-h241/excel5.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Clear the formatting quickly this way</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div></div><br /><div>Okay, so hopefully that has made someone's life a little easier and saved a little bit of time somewhere. Let's look at the same thing in Google Sheets now.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div></div><p></p><h2 style="text-align: left;">Import a Wikipedia table directly into Google Sheets</h2><div>The method for Google Sheets is a little different but still works really well. I'll use the same Wikipedia table here - the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Snooker_Championship_winners" target="_blank">List of World Snooker Championship winners</a> table used above - and we'll get it loaded into our spreadsheet in no time at all. Follow the steps below to get there.</div><div><br /></div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Copy the url of the page where your table is located - in my case it's https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Snooker_Championship_winners - and note that there are multiple tables on this page, but that's not a problem.</li></ul><div><br /></div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Make sure you have a new, blank Google Sheet ready to go - and then you are all set. In cell A1 of your sheet, type in <i>=importhtml</i> and then you'll see the <i>importhtml</i> function appear, as in the screenshot below. Note that you don't have to enter the formula in cell A1, but that's what I'm doing here just so that the table starts in the top left cell. <u><b>Read on for how to complete the formula. You can just copy/paste my formula below if you want to.</b></u></li></ul><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYHNV4Hf85Y0OcX4Y9Qx5nVtf8XARo1i_CxJuHdG3GNFtJuWJSDcRYSk1nCVt0Vj1eTLLdg319Jh91SI7HHvwzXRNy9__v6q-8GLmZ0Gzfw6tgfRO3uBXUgFgET2ow3SYeSm3oeKaK-lwXo91a48ZHlBUMREqXCZiwZIk6cSXEQkr4VpEoMSPH3W0sRg/s800/goog1.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="517" data-original-width="800" height="259" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYHNV4Hf85Y0OcX4Y9Qx5nVtf8XARo1i_CxJuHdG3GNFtJuWJSDcRYSk1nCVt0Vj1eTLLdg319Jh91SI7HHvwzXRNy9__v6q-8GLmZ0Gzfw6tgfRO3uBXUgFgET2ow3SYeSm3oeKaK-lwXo91a48ZHlBUMREqXCZiwZIk6cSXEQkr4VpEoMSPH3W0sRg/w400-h259/goog1.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>importhtml </i>is the magic function here</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Now, here is the formula I entered - I'll show you it first and then I'll explain what each part does:<i> =importhtml("https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Snooker_Championship_winners","table",3)</i> - note that you don't need to enter the 'locale' bit shown in the screenshot below, but it's there so that you can specify different <a href="https://infoinspired.com/google-docs/spreadsheet/importhtml-function-in-google-sheets/" target="_blank">locales</a> for things like date formatting etc (if relevant).</li></ul><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAz_GEW7NsiEgp3ImN1Vm-HPr8V-2i1XCbcVdWscHvmLujbjWxtJiIuQ2wTjj2NHQrApkn1wF4FqSEwd_pfQeh_cWUc8I-OY5xx2LmXeqng7gLuiUrG_G9kegrh-1DM18si4E2t7Wmkgd1Y_ZOApkSQ93_ziAxLWQ-Js4YuzOpbSAj28AyG97RT9mXSw/s390/goog2.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="123" data-original-width="390" height="126" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAz_GEW7NsiEgp3ImN1Vm-HPr8V-2i1XCbcVdWscHvmLujbjWxtJiIuQ2wTjj2NHQrApkn1wF4FqSEwd_pfQeh_cWUc8I-OY5xx2LmXeqng7gLuiUrG_G9kegrh-1DM18si4E2t7Wmkgd1Y_ZOApkSQ93_ziAxLWQ-Js4YuzOpbSAj28AyG97RT9mXSw/w400-h126/goog2.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The different parts of the formula</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>The <i>=importhtml</i> bit tells Google Sheets to use the <i>importhtml </i>function - that is, it does exactly what you'd expect: it imports some kind of html text from the internet, like a Wikipedia table. It is followed by an open bracket and there is a close bracket at the very end of the formula, just like normal in Google Sheets and Excel.</li></ul><div><br /></div></div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Then we have the url we are importing the table from, in quotes, followed by a comma - so in this case I have <i>"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Snooker_Championship_winners"</i> because that's where my table is. </li></ul><div><br /></div></div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Then after the comma, I have to specify the 'query' bit we see in the screenshot above - that is just whether you want Google Sheets to import a list or a table, but in this case we know we want to import a table so we just enter table in quotes, like this - <i>"table"</i> and then another comma.</li></ul><div><br /></div></div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>What does the 'index' bit do? <b>Well, remember how we have more than one table on the page we want to import the table from?</b> The index number relates to the number of the table we want to import - but note that this doesn't necessarily follow the order in which it appears on the page. It looks like my List of World Snooker Championship winners table is the <i>second </i>one on the page, but I had to enter a 3 to get it into Google Sheets using this formula. Just watch out for that, it can be a little confusing but if the table you're looking to import doesn't appear, try a different number here - the formula can always be edited by clicking on the cell you entered the formula into (in my case A1).</li></ul><div><br /></div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Then, watch in stunned silence while Google Sheets take a moment to think about it and then load your table, as shown below.</li></ul><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNKHgBsDVlET5Send1So7t2Lyy0y_a6WUco4B0vcynp4e7rrd6f8yWxb8bKOoQRm2fDx6xGKBeD2BFRbhtx8zseJLd27kROoGXOtS80nJQga_N3LbI-o12nCgnmUlz8kYeglDfSvewK1CjgUpZZ8O9gZ4WXM4dlpaPttbHWTCA0NEddGbINcI-Rg1x0A/s1089/goog3.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="864" data-original-width="1089" height="318" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNKHgBsDVlET5Send1So7t2Lyy0y_a6WUco4B0vcynp4e7rrd6f8yWxb8bKOoQRm2fDx6xGKBeD2BFRbhtx8zseJLd27kROoGXOtS80nJQga_N3LbI-o12nCgnmUlz8kYeglDfSvewK1CjgUpZZ8O9gZ4WXM4dlpaPttbHWTCA0NEddGbINcI-Rg1x0A/w400-h318/goog3.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Wikipedia table in Google Sheets, in about a minute</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div></div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>If you want to save a text-only version of the table, just go to File, Download and then save it as a csv - or, copy/paste the data into a new sheet as text only, or whatever other method you happen to prefer. But the main thing is that you have the data and can now do what you want with it!</li></ul><div><br /></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div>Hopefully this has been useful for someone - I know I find it useful when I need to get a table off the web without any fuss.</div><div><br /></div></div></div><div>Why did I choose the snooker world champions table? Well, it has been played in Sheffield since 1977 and since I live here at the moment and went to a match recently between Mark Selby and Yan Bingtao it seemed like a good example to use. </div><div><br /></div><div>See below for some photos from the World Snooker Championship in 2022, just for the sake of it.</div><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhnc-re6bpZ71_l0QYL6Aq7uYQTZyzgOO-rBzgGh2xyaFn4_cipMeUakMFCnW6GPY89EhuCtie4cM1GJKVJ5v3G7UFjd9GeQeCifEOdQ83WXY-9fdYZvcWbDZmCkgW6DBZ7L79YQRA-2LGLoPkO9QGfrud5KFXVSw_Lzmz8X0Bw9faLisI62OqfX4MxA/s4000/2022-04-23%2012.12.29.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4000" data-original-width="2252" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhnc-re6bpZ71_l0QYL6Aq7uYQTZyzgOO-rBzgGh2xyaFn4_cipMeUakMFCnW6GPY89EhuCtie4cM1GJKVJ5v3G7UFjd9GeQeCifEOdQ83WXY-9fdYZvcWbDZmCkgW6DBZ7L79YQRA-2LGLoPkO9QGfrud5KFXVSw_Lzmz8X0Bw9faLisI62OqfX4MxA/w225-h400/2022-04-23%2012.12.29.jpg" width="225" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; 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margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2252" data-original-width="4000" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoi_TmPfeavDNDTo00hnF_4y2jFRoKVuU0uuj1k1A9z2LDC2d6bk3jHiu3Ps-ngEoVhPvDMxvB0uUS2Vv9YYPop05HeuJUww31OLfut42VDvFCJ2J6ISw1k9Bbb-C0xa5Xui5MtW4zYUxu6yCmSq_URVJqNPB5435AwPe6yF0k7LzUstmWd746UErFgQ/w400-h225/2022-04-23%2008.54.59.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br />.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><p><br /></p>Alasdair Raehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12959449302596057979noreply@blogger.com